In vitro studies on cytotoxicity of delaminated Ti3C2 MXene.

MXenes are a novel family of 2D materials, the biological activity of which has been largely unexplored. The present study, for the first time, shows some aspects of the in vitro toxicity of 2D sheets of Ti3C2 MXene. The Ti3AlC2 MAX phase was used in an expansion and delamination process to obtain Ti3C2 material in the form of 2D sheets. The obtained 2D material was characterized using SEM, TEM, DLS, XPS, and zeta potential. The biological activity of the MXene was determined on two normal (MRC-5 and HaCaT) and two cancerous (A549 and A375) cell lines. The cytotoxicity results indicated that the observed toxic effects were higher against cancerous cells compared to normal ones. The mechanisms of potential toxicity were also elucidated. It was shown that MXene may affect the occurrence of oxidative stress and, in consequence, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of the present study provide the principal knowledge to date regarding the biological activity of the MXenes; the lack of such knowledge is the major obstacle on the MXenes' road to further research and development on their applications in bioscience and biotechnology, e.g. as drug-delivery systems.