Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Vascular Surgery: Review and Update.

Accurate imaging methods associated with minimum patient risk are important tools for clinical decision-making in vascular surgery. Today, traditional imaging methods, such as computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and digital subtraction angiography are the preferred modalities. Ultrasound has only challenged these methods in assessment of carotid disease, aortic aneurysms, venous insufficiency, and thromboembolism and in surveillance of in situ bypasses. These practice patterns may change with the introduction of second-generation ultrasound contrast agents which are easy to use, manageable, and safe. This topical review attempts to summarize and highlight the current evidence and future prospects for contrast-enhanced ultrasound in vascular surgery, with a particular focus on opportunities in carotid and lower limb arteriosclerotic disease and surveillance after endovascular aneurysm repair.