Interaction of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and 14 GRF analogs with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors of rat pancreas. Discovery of (N-Ac-Tyr1,D-Phe2)-GRF(1-29)-NH2 as a VIP antagonist.

Adenylate cyclase stimulation by GH-releasing factor (GRF) and 14 GRF analogs (modified in the N-terminal part) was compared to the capacity of the same peptides to inhibit [125I]iodo-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) binding in rat pancreatic plasma membranes. These peptides interfered with VIP receptors as they inhibited [125I]iodo-VIP binding, and probably acted through VIP-preferring receptors as one of these peptides [(N-Ac-Tyr1,D-Phe2)-GRF(1-29)-NH2] selectively inhibited both VIP- and GRF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities. In general, alterations in positions 6 and 7 (but not in positions 1-4) markedly reduced the affinity of the resulting GRF analog [based on Kact (concentration exerting half-maximal stimulation) values]. The intrinsic activity exerted by GRF analogs on adenylate cyclase was reduced by acetylation of the free NH2 group and by the replacement of Asp3, Ala4, Phe6, and Thr7 by the corresponding D-isomer. The presence of pCl-Phe6 and Trp6 also depressed this parameter. Substitution in GRF (or its N-acetylated derivative) by D-Phe2, D-Arg2, and D-Ala4 again reduced the intrinsic activity, whereas substitution of the natural L-amino acid residue by D-Ala2 and Phe4 gave superagonists.