ADAPTATIONS TO TEMPERATE CLIMATES AND EVOLUTION OF OVERWINTERING STRATEGIES IN THE DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER SPECIES GROUP.

The Drosophila melanogaster species group is considered to have originated in the tropics and only recently invaded temperate habitats. The temperate species of this group that were studied here may be subdivided into the warm-temperate species (D. lutescens and D. rufa) and the cool-temperate species (species of the auraria complex). The warm-temperate species were more cold-hardy than were their tropical relatives (D. takahashii or D. melanogaster) at the larval and imaginal stages, and the cool-temperate species were more cold-hardy than the warm-temperate species, although only at the imaginal stage. However, these species showed little or no intraspecific variation in cold-hardiness, in spite of great variation in winter temperature within the species' ranges. It is assumed that cold-hardiness is one of the main factors restricting their distributions at high latitudes and that it is the key for evolution of the warm- and cool-temperate species from their subtropical or warm-temperate ancestors. Both warm- and cool-temperate species had photoperiodically controlled reproductive diapause. In the cool-temperate species, the development of cold-hardiness was affected by diapause, but diapause had little or no effect on cold-hardiness in the warm-temperate species. Critical daylengths and the diapause rates varied from species to species according to variation in their overwintering plans and also varied geographically in consequence of their adaptation to local climates. Species showed different responses to temperature in preimaginal and ovarian development. These differences are considered to reflect adaptation to different environmental temperatures. © 1988 The Society for the Study of Evolution.