Species limits, phylogeography and reproductive mode in the Metarhizium anisopliae complex.

An essential first step to elucidating the ecology and life histories of Metarhizium anisopliae-group species as entomopathogens, endophytes and soil-adapted fungi is the ability to define species limits and confidently infer a species phylogeny. In a multilocus phylogeny of the core Metarhizium anisopliae species complex, the majority of isolates sampled herein group within the currently defined limits of M. pingshaense, M. anisopliae, M. robertsii and M. brunneum, designated informally as the "PARB" clade. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses reveal pervasive congruent hierarchical structure among the genomic regions analyzed, which suggest that current PARB species delimitations likely encompass additional cryptic complexes. Further, the interpolation of isolates from different continents throughout each species lineage indicates periodic inter-continental dispersals. Although no PARB species has yet been confirmed to produce a sexual state, we demonstrate the mutually exclusive incidence of the MAT1 and MAT2 mating type idiomorphs among individuals in all PARB species. This configuration of mating type is diagnostic of a heterothallic, obligately outcrossing mating system, indicating the conservation of and ongoing potential for sexual reproduction in all PARB species. As one example of the utility of IGS markers, the commercially registered M. anisopliae strain F52, which is widely used for pest control in North America, Canada and Europe, is shown to be a member of the M. brunneum complex. While current PARB species delimitations evidently encompass cryptic partitions, formal recognition of segregate species should be approached cautiously until further evidence of their phylogenetic exclusivity, ecological distinctiveness or other unique attributes is demonstrated. Nevertheless, acknowledgment of these intraspecific partitions will provide a useful conceptual framework to guide future investigations of the community structure, phylogeography, population genetics, ecology and reproductive biology of this recent species radiation. Published by Elsevier Inc.