Stephen Zewinger1, Marcus E Kleber2, Vinicius Tragante3, Raymond O McCubrey4, Amand F Schmidt5, Kenan Direk5, Ulrich Laufs6, Christian Werner6, Wolfgang Koenig7, Dietrich Rothenbacher8, Ute Mons9, Lutz P Breitling9, Herrmann Brenner10, Richard T Jennings1, Ioannis Petrakis1, Sarah Triem1, Mira Klug1, Alexandra Filips1, Stefan Blankenberg11, Christoph Waldeyer11, Christoph Sinning11, Renate B Schnabel11, Karl J Lackner12, Efthymia Vlachopoulou13, Ottar Nygård14, Gard Frodahl Tveitevåg Svingen15, Eva Ringdal Pedersen16, Grethe S Tell17, Juha Sinisalo18, Markku S Nieminen18, Reijo Laaksonen19, Stella Trompet20, Roelof A J Smit20, Naveed Sattar21, J Wouter Jukema22, Heinrich V Groesdonk23, Graciela Delgado24, Tatjana Stojakovic25, Anna P Pilbrow26, Vicky A Cameron26, A Mark Richards27, Robert N Doughty28, Yan Gong29, Rhonda Cooper-DeHoff29, Julie Johnson29, Markus Scholz30, Frank Beutner31, Joachim Thiery32, J Gustav Smith33, Ragnar O Vilmundarson34, Ruth McPherson34, Alexandre F R Stewart34, Sharon Cresci35, Petra A Lenzini36, John A Spertus37, Oliviero Olivieri38, Domenico Girelli38, Nicola I Martinelli38, Andreas Leiherer39, Christoph H Saely39, Heinz Drexel40, Axel Mündlein41, Peter S Braund42, Christopher P Nelson42, Nilesh J Samani42, Daniel Kofink3, Imo E Hoefer43, Gerard Pasterkamp43, Arshed A Quyyumi44, Yi-An Ko44, Jaana A Hartiala45, Hooman Allayee45, W H Wilson Tang46, Stanley L Hazen46, Niclas Eriksson47, Claes Held47, Emil Hagström47, Lars Wallentin47, Axel Åkerblom47, Agneta Siegbahn48, Igor Karp49, Christopher Labos50, Louise Pilote51, James C Engert50, James M Brophy50, George Thanassoulis50, Peter Bogaty52, Wojciech Szczeklik53, Marcin Kaczor53, Marek Sanak53, Salim S Virani54, Christie M Ballantyne55, Vei-Vei Lee56, Eric Boerwinkle57, Michael V Holmes58, Benjamin D Horne4, Aroon Hingorani5, Folkert W Asselbergs59, Riyaz S Patel5, Bernhard K Krämer24, Hubert Scharnagl25, Danilo Fliser1, Winfried März60, Thimoteus Speer1. 1. Department of Internal Medicine IV, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany. 2. Fifth Department of Medicine, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany. 3. Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lungs Division, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. 4. Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. 5. Institute of Cardiovascular Science Facultyof Population Health Science, University College London, London, UK. 6. Department of Internal Medicine III, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany. 7. Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany; Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. 8. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing Research, German Cancer Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. 9. Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing Research, German Cancer Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. 10. Network Ageing Research, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing Research, German Cancer Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. 11. University Heart Centre Hamburg, Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany. 12. Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Mainz, Germany. 13. Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland. 14. Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. 15. Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. 16. Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 17. Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 18. Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 19. Medical School, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Finnish Clinical Biobank Tampere, University Hospital of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. 20. Department of Geriatics and Gerontology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands. 21. Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, BHF Glasgow, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. 22. Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands, Utrecht, Netherlands. 23. Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, and Pain Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany. 24. Fifth Department of Medicine, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany. 25. Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria. 26. Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand. 27. Christchurch Heart Institute, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. 28. Heart Health Research Group, University of Auckland, New Zealand. 29. Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics, Colleges of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. 30. Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; LIFE Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. 31. Heart Centre Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. 32. LIFE Research Centre for Civilisation Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany. 33. Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. 34. Ruddy Canadian Cardiovascular Genetics Centre, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada. 35. Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA. 36. Statistical Genomics Division, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA. 37. Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA. 38. Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. 39. Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria; Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein. 40. Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria; Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein; Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Academic Teaching Hospital Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 41. Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria. 42. Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK; Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK. 43. Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. 44. Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. 45. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 46. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. 47. Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 48. Uppsala Clinical Research Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. 49. University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. 50. Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. 51. Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of General Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. 52. Department of Medicine, Université Laval, QC, Canada. 53. Jagielonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. 54. Section of Cardiology, Michael E DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. 55. Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. 56. Department of Biostatistics 7, Epidemiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA. 57. School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA. 58. Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford, UK. 59. Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lungs Division, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Science Facultyof Population Health Science, University College London, London, UK; Durrer Centre of Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands. 60. Fifth Department of Medicine, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria; Synlab Academy, Synlab Holding, Mannheim, Germany. Electronic address: winfried.maerz@medma.uni-heidelberg.de.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein(a) concentrations in plasma are associated with cardiovascular risk in the general population. Whether lipoprotein(a) concentrations or LPA genetic variants predict long-term mortality in patients with established coronary heart disease remains less clear. METHODS: We obtained data from 3313 patients with established coronary heart disease in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. We tested associations of tertiles of lipoprotein(a) concentration in plasma and two LPA single-nucleotide polymorphisms ([SNPs] rs10455872 and rs3798220) with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality by Cox regression analysis and with severity of disease by generalised linear modelling, with and without adjustment for age, sex, diabetes diagnosis, systolic blood pressure, BMI, smoking status, estimated glomerular filtration rate, LDL-cholesterol concentration, and use of lipid-lowering therapy. Results for plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations were validated in five independent studies involving 10 195 patients with established coronary heart disease. Results for genetic associations were replicated through large-scale collaborative analysis in the GENIUS-CHD consortium, comprising 106 353 patients with established coronary heart disease and 19 332 deaths in 22 studies or cohorts. FINDINGS: The median follow-up was 9·9 years. Increased severity of coronary heart disease was associated with lipoprotein(a) concentrations in plasma in the highest tertile (adjusted hazard radio [HR] 1·44, 95% CI 1·14-1·83) and the presence of either LPA SNP (1·88, 1·40-2·53). No associations were found in LURIC with all-cause mortality (highest tertile of lipoprotein(a) concentration in plasma 0·95, 0·81-1·11 and either LPA SNP 1·10, 0·92-1·31) or cardiovascular mortality (0·99, 0·81-1·2 and 1·13, 0·90-1·40, respectively) or in the validation studies. INTERPRETATION: In patients with prevalent coronary heart disease, lipoprotein(a) concentrations and genetic variants showed no associations with mortality. We conclude that these variables are not useful risk factors to measure to predict progression to death after coronary heart disease is established. FUNDING: Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technical Development (AtheroRemo and RiskyCAD), INTERREG IV Oberrhein Programme, Deutsche Nierenstiftung, Else-Kroener Fresenius Foundation, Deutsche Stiftung für Herzforschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Saarland University, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Willy Robert Pitzer Foundation, and Waldburg-Zeil Clinics Isny.
BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein(a) concentrations in plasma are associated with cardiovascular risk in the general population. Whether lipoprotein(a) concentrations or LPA genetic variants predict long-term mortality in patients with established coronary heart disease remains less clear. METHODS: We obtained data from 3313 patients with established coronary heart disease in the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study. We tested associations of tertiles of lipoprotein(a) concentration in plasma and two LPA single-nucleotide polymorphisms ([SNPs] rs10455872 and rs3798220) with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality by Cox regression analysis and with severity of disease by generalised linear modelling, with and without adjustment for age, sex, diabetes diagnosis, systolic blood pressure, BMI, smoking status, estimated glomerular filtration rate, LDL-cholesterol concentration, and use of lipid-lowering therapy. Results for plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations were validated in five independent studies involving 10 195 patients with established coronary heart disease. Results for genetic associations were replicated through large-scale collaborative analysis in the GENIUS-CHD consortium, comprising 106 353 patients with established coronary heart disease and 19 332 deaths in 22 studies or cohorts. FINDINGS: The median follow-up was 9·9 years. Increased severity of coronary heart disease was associated with lipoprotein(a) concentrations in plasma in the highest tertile (adjusted hazard radio [HR] 1·44, 95% CI 1·14-1·83) and the presence of either LPA SNP (1·88, 1·40-2·53). No associations were found in LURIC with all-cause mortality (highest tertile of lipoprotein(a) concentration in plasma 0·95, 0·81-1·11 and either LPA SNP 1·10, 0·92-1·31) or cardiovascular mortality (0·99, 0·81-1·2 and 1·13, 0·90-1·40, respectively) or in the validation studies. INTERPRETATION: In patients with prevalent coronary heart disease, lipoprotein(a) concentrations and genetic variants showed no associations with mortality. We conclude that these variables are not useful risk factors to measure to predict progression to death after coronary heart disease is established. FUNDING: Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technical Development (AtheroRemo and RiskyCAD), INTERREG IV Oberrhein Programme, Deutsche Nierenstiftung, Else-Kroener Fresenius Foundation, Deutsche Stiftung für Herzforschung, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Saarland University, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Willy Robert Pitzer Foundation, and Waldburg-Zeil Clinics Isny.
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