REPRODUCTIVE COST, AGE-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL AND A COMPARISON OF THE REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGY IN TWO EUROPEAN TITS (GENUS PARUS).

Theoretical analyses of optimal reproductive rates usually assume a trade-off between offspring production and parental survival. This study verified a survival cost for willow tit males; nonbreeding males survived better than males attending a brood. Theory also predicts a smaller clutch size in birds that are less successful in transforming reproductive investments into mature offspring. As predicted, we found that crested tits, suffering a higher nest predation rate, laid smaller clutches than willow tits. The generally lower survival rate of willow tit adults may largely be attributed to their higher reproductive commitment (larger willow tit clutch size), because no significant interspecific survival difference remained between nonbreeding males. Finally, in willow tits we found a positive correlation between average clutch size and juvenile survival rate (density-dependent) the ensuing year, suggesting that willow tits may adjust clutch size in response to changing survival prospects for their young by using the breeding density as a cue. © 1986 The Society for the Study of Evolution.