Phenolic composition, antioxidant activity and mineral profile in two seed-propagated artichoke cultivars as affected by microbial inoculants and planting time.

The aim of this study was to assess the mineral composition, antioxidant activity, total phenolics and target polyphenols of two-seed propagated artichoke cultivars 'Romolo' and 'Istar' in relation to planting time (September and October), and seed coating with a consortium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma atroviride (coated and uncoated seeds during the second planting time). 'Romolo' was found to be richest in K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+. Planting artichoke in October suppressed the antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS) compared to the first planting period. The greatest accumulation of 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and 1,3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid in primary heads occurred in 'Romolo' during the first planting time. The content of 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, apigenin 7-O-glucuronide in primary heads as well 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid in secondary heads increased with seed coating especially in 'Romolo'. These findings can assist growers in selecting cultivars and agronomical practices combining optimal yield with high nutraceutical properties.