Christine S Tsilas1, Russell J de Souza1, Sonia Blanco Mejia1, Arash Mirrahimi1, Adrian I Cozma1, Viranda H Jayalath1, Vanessa Ha1, Reem Tawfik1, Marco Di Buono1, Alexandra L Jenkins1, Lawrence A Leiter1, Thomas M S Wolever1, Joseph Beyene1, Tauseef Khan1, Cyril W C Kendall1, David J A Jenkins1, John L Sievenpiper2. 1. Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit (Tsilas, de Souza, Blanco Mejia, Mirrahimi, Cozma, Jayalath, Ha, Tawfik, Leiter, Wolever, Khan, Kendall, D. Jenkins, Sievenpiper), Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Food and Nutritional Sciences (Tsilas), Brescia University College at Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (de Souza, Blanco Mejia, Mirrahimi, Cozma, Jayalath, Ha, Di Buono, A. Jenkins, Leiter, Wolever, Khan, Kendall, D. Jenkins, Sieven-piper), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (de Souza, Ha, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; School of Medicine (Mirrahimi), Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; MD Program (Cozma, Jayalath), Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Leiter, Wolever, D. Jenkins, Sievenpiper), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Tawfik), Faculty of Arts, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Dallas, Tex.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Leiter, Wolever, D. Jenkins, Sievenpiper); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter, Wolever, D. Jenkins, Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. 2. Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit (Tsilas, de Souza, Blanco Mejia, Mirrahimi, Cozma, Jayalath, Ha, Tawfik, Leiter, Wolever, Khan, Kendall, D. Jenkins, Sievenpiper), Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Food and Nutritional Sciences (Tsilas), Brescia University College at Western University, London, Ont.; Department of Nutritional Sciences (de Souza, Blanco Mejia, Mirrahimi, Cozma, Jayalath, Ha, Di Buono, A. Jenkins, Leiter, Wolever, Khan, Kendall, D. Jenkins, Sieven-piper), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (de Souza, Ha, Beyene), Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; School of Medicine (Mirrahimi), Faculty of Health Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; MD Program (Cozma, Jayalath), Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Leiter, Wolever, D. Jenkins, Sievenpiper), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychology (Tawfik), Faculty of Arts, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont.; American Heart Association (Di Buono), Dallas, Tex.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Leiter, Wolever, D. Jenkins, Sievenpiper); Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Leiter, Wolever, D. Jenkins, Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Beyene), Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (Kendall), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. john.sievenpiper@utoronto.ca.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with type 2 diabetes. To assess whether this association holds for the fructose-containing sugars they contain, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through June 2016). We included prospective cohort studies that assessed the relation of fructose-containing sugars with incident type 2 diabetes. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias. We pooled risk ratios (RRs) using random effects meta-analyses. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. RESULTS: Fiffeen prospective cohort studies (251 261 unique participants, 16 416 cases) met the eligibility criteria, comparing the highest intake (median 137, 35.2 and 78 g/d) with the lowest intake (median 65, 9.7 and 25.8 g/d) of total sugars, fructose and sucrose, respectively. Although there was no association of total sugars (RR 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76-1.09) or fructose (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.84-1.29) with type 2 diabetes, sucrose was associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.98). Our confidence in the estimates was limited by evidence of serious inconsistency between studies for total sugars and fructose, and serious imprecision in the pooled estimates for all 3 sugar categories. INTERPRETATION: Current evidence does not allow us to conclude that fructose-containing sugars independent of food form are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Further research is likely to affect our estimates. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT01608620.
BACKGROUND:Sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with type 2 diabetes. To assess whether this association holds for the fructose-containing sugars they contain, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library (through June 2016). We included prospective cohort studies that assessed the relation of fructose-containing sugars with incident type 2 diabetes. Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias. We pooled risk ratios (RRs) using random effects meta-analyses. The overall quality of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. RESULTS: Fiffeen prospective cohort studies (251 261 unique participants, 16 416 cases) met the eligibility criteria, comparing the highest intake (median 137, 35.2 and 78 g/d) with the lowest intake (median 65, 9.7 and 25.8 g/d) of total sugars, fructose and sucrose, respectively. Although there was no association of total sugars (RR 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76-1.09) or fructose (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.84-1.29) with type 2 diabetes, sucrose was associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.98). Our confidence in the estimates was limited by evidence of serious inconsistency between studies for total sugars and fructose, and serious imprecision in the pooled estimates for all 3 sugar categories. INTERPRETATION: Current evidence does not allow us to conclude that fructose-containing sugars independent of food form are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Further research is likely to affect our estimates. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, no. NCT01608620.
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