Tobias T Tauböck1, Danijela Marovic2, Davor Zeljezic3, Andrea D Steingruber4, Thomas Attin4, Zrinka Tarle2. 1. Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: tobias.tauboeck@zzm.uzh.ch. 2. Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. 3. Division for Mutagenesis, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia. 4. Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate both genotoxicity and hardening of bulk-fill composite materials applied in 4-mm layer thickness and photo-activated for different exposure times. METHODS: Three flowable bulk-fill materials and one conventional flowable composite were filled in molds (height: 4mm) and irradiated for 20 or 30s. The top (0mm) and bottom (4mm) specimen surface were mechanically scraped, and eluates (0.01g composite in 1.5ml RPMI 1640 cell culture media) prepared for each material, surface level and irradiation time. Genotoxicity was assessed in human leukocytes using both the alkaline comet assay and cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay, and Knoop hardness (KHN) was measured at the top and bottom specimen surface (n=8). RESULTS: At both irradiation times, none of the bulk-fill composites significantly affected comet assay parameters used in primary DNA damage assessment or induced significant formation of any of the scored chromatin abnormalities (number of micronuclei, nuclear buds, nucleoplasmic bridges), whether eluates were obtained from the top or bottom surface. Furthermore, no decrease in KHN from the top to the bottom surface of the bulk-fill materials was observed. On the other hand, the conventional composite irradiated for 20s showed at 4-mm depth a significant increase in the percentage of DNA that migrated in the tail and a significant increase in the number of nuclear buds, as well as a significant decrease in KHN relative to the top surface. SIGNIFICANCE: Bulk-fill resin composites, in contrast to conventional composite, applied in 4-mm thickness and photo-activated for at least 20s do not induce relevant genotoxic effects or mechanical instability.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate both genotoxicity and hardening of bulk-fill composite materials applied in 4-mm layer thickness and photo-activated for different exposure times. METHODS: Three flowable bulk-fill materials and one conventional flowable composite were filled in molds (height: 4mm) and irradiated for 20 or 30s. The top (0mm) and bottom (4mm) specimen surface were mechanically scraped, and eluates (0.01g composite in 1.5ml RPMI 1640 cell culture media) prepared for each material, surface level and irradiation time. Genotoxicity was assessed in human leukocytes using both the alkaline comet assay and cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay, and Knoop hardness (KHN) was measured at the top and bottom specimen surface (n=8). RESULTS: At both irradiation times, none of the bulk-fill composites significantly affected comet assay parameters used in primary DNA damage assessment or induced significant formation of any of the scored chromatin abnormalities (number of micronuclei, nuclear buds, nucleoplasmic bridges), whether eluates were obtained from the top or bottom surface. Furthermore, no decrease in KHN from the top to the bottom surface of the bulk-fill materials was observed. On the other hand, the conventional composite irradiated for 20s showed at 4-mm depth a significant increase in the percentage of DNA that migrated in the tail and a significant increase in the number of nuclear buds, as well as a significant decrease in KHN relative to the top surface. SIGNIFICANCE: Bulk-fill resin composites, in contrast to conventional composite, applied in 4-mm thickness and photo-activated for at least 20s do not induce relevant genotoxic effects or mechanical instability.