Chronic Allograft Injury: An Overview of Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies.

Chronic allograft injury (CAI) remains one of the biggest challenges in transplantation as it directly affects the long-term allograft survival, an area in which the scientific and transplantation communities have struggled to improve outcomes. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of CAI is paramount to implement preventive measures and novel therapeutic options. In this review, we will address the latest evidence on CAI, potential etiologies and risk factors including non-adherence, antibody-mediated rejection, recurrence of glomerular disease, BK nephropathy, and calcineurin nephrotoxicity.