Identification of miR‑124a as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in non‑small cell lung cancer for chemotherapy.

Previous studies have suggested that dysregulation of microRNA (miR) -124a is associated with various types of human cancer. However, there are few studies reporting the level of miR‑124a expression in non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The present study investigated the association between miR‑124a and NSCLC by analyzing the differential expression of miR‑124a in NSCLC using the GEO database, as well as subsequently performing reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis on 160 NSCLC biopsies, 32 of which were paired with adjacent normal tissues. The results indicated that mir‑124a expression levels were decreased in NSCLC tumor biopsies compared with adjacent normal tissues. The overall survival (OS) in patients with a high expression of miR‑124a was prolonged relative to patients with low expression of miR‑124a. The expression levels of miR‑124a were associated with clinical characteristics, including lymph‑node metastasis, tumor differentiation, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage and diameter. Frequently, lymph‑node metastasis, TNM stage, diameter and lack of chemotherapy have been associated with a worse prognosis in patients. In addition, the present study identified that high expression of miR‑124awith chemotherapy may increase OS. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that miR‑124a was downregulated in NSCLC, and miR‑124a was a potential prognostic tumor biomarker response to chemotherapy.

Introduction

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies and is the major cause of cancer-associated mortality, accounting for ~1.38 million deaths each year (1,2). Of all lung carcinomas, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~70–85% (3). Although there have been recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis of lung cancer is still unfavorable and the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate remains <15% (4,5). In previous decades, studies reported that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) may serve an important role in NSCLC pathogenesis, which provides novel insights into disease biology (6,7). Therefore, improved understanding of detailed mechanisms of NSCLC with miRNAs is necessary for development of effective therapeutic strategies.

miRNAs are a class of 20–24 nucleotide-long non-coding RNAs, which regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level through mRNA interference, and are involved in cell development, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis (8,9). There are currently ~2000 miRNAs that have been identified and this number is rapidly increasing. A large number of miRNAs have been investigated in cancer research as therapeutic targets, with certain miRNAs identified as being associated with the tumor metastasis of NSCLC. For instance, upregulation of miR-24 promotes cell proliferation by targeting nuclear apoptosis inducing factor 1in NSCLC (10). Overexpression of miR-328 has a role in conferring migratory potential to NSCLC cells through targeting protein kinase C alpha (11). miR-34c-3p functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting eukaryotic initiation factor-4E expression in NSCLC (12). miR-99a suppresses the metastasis of human NSCLC by targeting AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (13). However, there are few studies researching the expression of miR-124a in NSCLC and the detailed molecular mechanism of miR-124a in NSCLC requires further investigation.

In the present study, the differential expression of miR-124a in NSCLC was analyzed using the GEO database and the association between miR-124a and NSCLC was subsequently revealed. Furthermore, the expression status of miR-124a in NSCLC was identified by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for a group of NSCLC biopsies. Furthermore, the prognostic significance of NSCLC and the response to chemotherapy was assessed.

Materials and methods

Data and date source

All miR-124a expression datasets were downloaded from GEO (www.pubmed.com/geo). Data were retrieved using the keywords ‘miR-124a’ and ‘NSCLC’. The first data set, GSE10021, has samples taken from 16 human cell lines (14), and includes the following cell lines: Human lung carcinoma A549, fibrosarcoma HT1080, cervix carcinoma Henrietta Lacks, cervix carcinoma HeLaS3, hepatocellular carcinoma Huh7, breast adenocarcinoma MCF7, breast adenocarcinoma MDAMB231, embryonal kidney HEK293T, colon adenocarcinoma HT29, hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2, neuroblastoma SKNMC, colon adenocarcinoma Caco2, embryonal kidney HEK293 and colon carcinoma HCT116. The second data set, GSE61741, has samples taken from normal patients and patients with cancer (15), and it has a total of 1,049 samples out of which 94 were normal and 15 were long-lived individuals and 940 patients had been screened for the complete miRNA repertoire. The third data set, GSE63805, has samples taken from normal patients and patients with lung cancer (16), and it has a total of 62 samples out of which 31 were normal and 31 were cancerous. The last data set, GSE17681, has samples taken from normal patients and patients with lung cancer (17), and it has a total of 36 samples out of which 19 were normal and 17 were cancerous.

Clinical specimens

A total of 160 cases of surgically resected NSCLC and 32 paired normal adjacent lung tissue samples were evaluated for miRNA expression. These specimens were collected from patients from the tissue bank in China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University (Changchun, China) between January 2008 and December 2012. All patients gave their informed consent, and the Ethical and Scientific Committees of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine (Shanghai, China) approved the study. The tumors of NSCLC were staged based on the 7th edition of the AJCC tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging system (18). In addition, several clinical characteristics of these patients were assessed, including age, gender, lymph-node metastasis, tumor differentiation, histological subtypes, TNM stage, invasion of lung membrane, vascular invasion, tumor size, chemotherapy, miR-124a expression status, OS and disease-free survival (DFS). Age was stratified according to ≥60 or <60 years. Tumor size was divided into ≥5 and <5 cm based on the mean tumor diameter. OS represented the date of diagnosis to the date of death, from any cause. DFS was represented the original date of diagnosis to the first date of recurrence, or death. All clinical data were confirmed by the patient or relatives, by medical recording, by the social security record, or by follow-up record.

RNA extraction and RT-qPCR

Total RNA was extracted from tissues using the TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA concentration and purity was assessed using a NanoDrop ND-1000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). A total of10 ng total RNA was used for cDNA synthesis using the Taqman MicroRNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Reverse transcription with a miR-124a-specific primer was performed using ABI's TaqMan MicroRNA Reverse Transcription kit, miR-124a expression level was detected using a Taqman MicroRNA assay (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) (19). The RT-qPCR thermocycling conditions were as follows: 94°C for 30 sec (initial denaturation), 94°C for 5 sec (denaturation) and 55°C for 30 sec (annealing), for 40 cycles. U6 expression was used as the internal control. The following primers were used: miR-124a forward, 5′-GGTAAGGCACGCGGT-3′, and reverse, 5′-CAGTGCGTGTCGTGGAGT-3′; U6 forward, 5′-CTGGTTAGTACTTGGACGGGAGAC-3′, and reverse, 5′-GTGCAGGGTCCGAGGT-3′. All reactions were performed three times in triplicate, and relative expression of miRNAs was calculated using the standard curve and the ΔΔCq method (20).

Statistical analysis

All statistical data were analyzed using SPSS software (version, 19.0; IBM SPSS; Armonk, NY, USA). Significant differences between the two groups were evaluated using an independent t-test. The expression of miR-124a and other data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. χ2 test analysis was used to assess differences in patient characteristics. OS rates were calculated actuarially according to the Kaplan-Meier method and results were compared with a log-rank test. To examine which individual characteristics played important roles in survival, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis were conducted. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference and P<0.001 was considered highly significant.

Results

Analysis of miR-124a expression using an online database

The expression of miR-124a in 16 different cell lines was analyzed via the GEO database (Fig. 1A), which revealed that miR-124a exhibited relatively decreased expression in lung cancer A549 cells, when compared with most other cell lines.

Figure 1.

Analysis of miR-124a expression in NSCLC patients using the GEO database. (A) Expression levels of miR-124a in 16 different cell lines derived from the GEO database. (B) Expression levels of miR-124ain normal vs. other cancers derived from the GEO database. (C) Expression levels of miR-124ain 30 paired lung cancer tissues derived from the GEO database. The fold-change for miR-124a expression levels was calculated using thelog2 ratio of paired tumor/normal expression. (D) Expression levels of miR-124ain normal vs. 17 paired lung cancer tissues derived from the GEO database. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. normal tissues. miR, microRNA; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus; FC, fold change.

miR-124a was identified as being relatively expressed in 104 normal samples (114.41±64.55), 120 Wilms' tumor samples (102.75±60.35), 14 gastric cancer samples (98.68±48.73), 62 lung cancer samples (89.27±45.46), 19 glioma samples (81.19±49.43), 33 melanoma samples (79.69±49.62), 20 renal cancer samples (76.57±45.03) and 27 colon cancer samples (72.06±37.34), using the GEO database (Fig. 1B). The results indicated that miR-124a exhibited decreased expression in tumor tissues, when compared with normal tissue.

A total of 30 paired lung cancer tissues were investigated from a dataset on the GEO database (Fig. 1C). The fold-change for relative miR-124a expression levels was calculated using the Log2 ratio of paired tumor/normal expression, and miR-124awas observed to be downregulated in over half of the lung cancer cases [fold change (FC) =0.81; P=0.021].

Relative miR-124a expression in 17 lung cancer blood samples vs. 17 adjacent normal tissues was investigated using the GEO database (Fig. 1D). The analysis suggested that miR-124a was downregulated in lung cancer tissues (18.55±6.75), when compared with adjacent normal tissues (40.76±16.48; FC=0.45; P=0.048).

miR-124a expression in NSCLC and normal lung tissue

To validate these findings, 32 paired lung cancer tissues were evaluated using RT-qPCR (Fig. 2A). The results demonstrated that miR-124a was expressed at significantly decreased levels in most lung cancer cases (FC=0.64; P=0.032). In addition, the expression levels of miR-124a were examined in tumor (n=160) and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues (n=32) using RT-qPCR (Fig. 2B), which demonstrated that miR-124a expression levels were significantly decreased in NSCLC tumor biopsies (1.14±0.85), when compared with adjacent normal tissues (1.76±0.63; FC=0.65; P=0.034).

Figure 2.

Analysis of miR-124a expression in 32 paired NSCLC tissues using the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (A) Expression levels of miR-125a-3p in 32 paired NSCLC tissues. (B) Expression levels of miR-125a-3p in 32 normal vs. 160 lung cancer tissues. NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; miR, microRNA; FC, fold change.

Association between miR-124a expression and clinical characteristics

Univariate analysis was used to investigate the relationship between miR-124a expression and clinical characteristics in 160 cases of NSCLC. The results revealed that the expression levels of miR-124a were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.021), tumor differentiation (P=0.047), TNM stage (P=0.036) and diameter (P=0.026; Table I). Conversely, the results demonstrated that age, gender, smoking history, histology, invasion of lung membrane, vascular invasion and chemotherapy have no significant association with miR-124a expression (P>0.05; Table I).

Table I.

Univariate analysis of overall patient survival stratified by clinical characteristics.

					Overall survival
Characteristic	Variable	n	miR-124a expression, mean ± standard deviation	P-value	Months, mean	95% CI, mean	P-value (log-rank test)
Age
	≥60 years	97	1.26±0.63	0.281	22.34	21.06–23.17	0.326
	<60 years	63	1.11±0.62		25.19	22.45–29.63
Gender
	Male	97	1.19±0.61	0.487	24.76	22.09–26.04	0.168
	Female	63	1.21±0.66		25.33	21.58–28.33
Smoking history
	Never	38	1.29±0.42	0.115	26.11	24.39–28.63	0.091
	Ever	65	1.18±0.79		24.86	22.77–26.34
	Unknown	57	1.26±0.67		26.34	24.91–28.76
Lymphnode metastasis				0.021			0.039
	Negative	91	1.39±0.81		26.38	24.73–33.59
	Positive	57	1.11±0.13		20.44	17.06–24.31
	Unknown	12	1.18±0.96		22.56	20.84–25.69
Tumor differentiation				0.047			0.225
	Poor	18	0.86±0.25		24.03	24.60–33.68
	Moderate	84	1.18±0.13		26.68	22.28–28.34
	Well	58	1.39±0.26		26.56	22.70–29.75
Histology
	Adenocarcinoma	55	1.19±0.53	0.634	26.63	23.47–29.86	0.353
	Squamous cell carcinoma	105	1.27±0.38		25.98	23.33–28.74
TNM stage
	I–II	104	1.28±0.38	0.036	27.58	24.19–30.36	0.027
	III–IV	56	0.81±0.26		23.46	18.69–25.43
Invasion of lung membrane				0.068			0.088
	Negative	34	1.24±0.68		30.36	22.68–41.33
	Positive	114	0.99±0.86		26.83	22.48–28.55
	Unknown	12	1.18±0.37		25.43	22.68–26.47
Vascular invasion
	Negative	145	1.21±0.79	0.691	26.58	21.67–29.23	0.318
	Positive	3	0.97±0.83		25.24	23.36–42.58
	Unknown	12	1.21±0.36		24.37	21.48–30.59
Chemotherapy
	Negative	80	1.17±0.36	0.543	20.58	18.69–24.37	0.029
	Positive	69	1.25±0.63		26.94	23.06–28.94
	Unknown	11
Diameter
	≥5 cm	39	0.88±0.35	0.026	21.93	18.45–26.04	<0.001
	<5 cm	121	1.36±0.62		27.86	25.39–29.28

miR-124a, microRNA-124a; CI, confidence interval; TNM, tumor node metastasis.

Expression levels of miR-124a area prognostic marker in NSCLC survival

Univariate analysis of OS based on patients stratified by clinical characteristics presented in Table I. These clinical characteristics with univariate analysis included age, gender, smoking history, lymph-node metastasis, tumor differentiation, histology, TNM stage, invasion of lung membrane, vascular invasion, tumor diameter and miR-125a-3p expression. Obviously, there was a meaningful relationship between short OS and several clinical characteristics, including lymph-node metastasis (P=0.039), TNM stage (P=0.027), diameter (P<0.001) and lack of treatment with chemotherapy (P=0.029). Conclusively, it was identified that the patients who exhibited lymph-node metastasis, high TNM stage, tumor size exceeding 0.5 cm or those who had not received chemotherapy exhibited increased mortality (decreased OS).

To determine which clinical characteristics were associated with the prognosis of NSCLC, univariate survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier were performed. Several clinical parameters with Kaplan-Meier survival curves presented a good prognosis for patients with NSCLC. Negative lymph-node metastasis was significantly associated with increased OS (P=0.039; Fig. 3A) and DFS (P=0.018; Fig. 3B) in patients with NSCLC. Similarly, low TNM stage was positively associated with increased OS (P=0.027; Fig. 3A) and DFS (P=0.025; Fig. 3B). In addition, tumor size was significantly associated with increased OS (P<0.001; Fig. 3E) and DFS (P=0.009; Fig. 3F).

Figure 3.

Univariate survival analysis of different clinical parameters in non-small cell lung cancer. Univariate survival analysis of (A) overall survivaland (B) disease-free survival stratified by lymph node metastasis, (C) overall survival and (D) disease-free survival stratified by tumor node metastasis stage, and (E) overall survival and (F) disease-free survival stratified by tumor diameter, as determined by Kaplan-Meier plots estimates.

Univariate analysis with a Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to explore the prognosis of clinical characteristics. The result revealed that there were four parameters significantly associated with good prognosis, including lymph node metastasis [P=0.03; HR=1.72 (1.18–2.96); Table II], TNM stage [P=0.02; HR=1.83 (1.56–2.64); Table II], tumor diameter [P<0.001; HR=2.56 (2.07–5.46); Table II], as well as miR-124a expression [P=0.023; HR=0.68 (0.52–0.73); Table II]. There was no association between prognosis and several parameters, including age, gender, smoking history, tumor differentiation, histology, invasion of lung membrane or vascular invasion. Therefore, these results suggested that miR-124a serves an important role in NSCLC progression. In addition, it was summarized that miR-124a is involved in the prognosis of NSCLC patients.

Table II.

Cox regression model analysis for prognosis based on various clinical characteristics of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

				miR-124a multivariate analysis
Factor	HR	95% CI (univariate)	P-value	HR	95% CI (multivariate)	P-value
Age	0.96	0.69–1.14	0.45
Gender	0.87	0.53–1.16	0.18
Smoking history	1.21	0.71–1.52	0.19
Lymph-node metastasis	1.72	1.18–2.96	0.03	1.98	1.25–3.03	0.015
Tumor differentiation	0.88	0.54–1.01	0.18
Histology	1.18	0.86–1.21	0.34
TNM stage	1.83	1.56–2.64	0.02	2.13	1.61–2.89	0.009
Invasion of lung membrane	1.22	1.06–1.37	0.15
Vascular invasion	0.98	0.68–1.54	0.31
Diameter	2.56	2.07–5.46	<0.001	3.65	2.26–5.43	<0.001
miR-124a expression	0.68	0.52–0.73	0.023

HR, hazard ratio; miR-124a, microRNA-124a; CI, confidence interval; TNM, tumor node metastasis.

To further investigate the association between miR-124a expression and the prognosis of patients with NSCLC, multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted. The model included all of the characteristics relative to predicted OS in the univariate analysis of the entire patients as presented in Table I. There were three characteristics that presented a significant association with prognosis, including lymph-node metastasis [P=0.015; HR=1.98 (1.25–3.03); Table II], TNM stage [P=0.009; HR=2.13 (1.61–2.89); Table II] and tumor diameter [P<0.001; HR=3.65 (2.26–5.43); Table II]. Multivariable Cox regression model analysis revealed that increased expression of miR-124a was determined to be a predictor of increased OS in patients with NSCLC.

Association amongst survival, chemotherapy and miR-124a expression

Chemotherapy is a major treatment of NSCLC, thus it was analyzed as an influential factor inOS and DFS. According to Table III, chemotherapy was demonstrated to significantly prolong OS (29.94±1.57 vs. 22.58±1.96; P=0.029) and DFS (26.43±3.56 vs. 20.06±3.78; P=0.032) in the entire group. By comprehensive analysis of chemotherapy and miR-124a expression level, it was concluded that patients who received chemotherapy with high expression of miR-124a exhibited an increased OS (32.78±6.96 vs. 20.43±3.58; P=0.001) and DFS (29.33±2.65 vs. 20.06±3.98, P<0.001), compared with those who did not receive chemotherapy with low expression of miR-124a.

Table III.

OS and DFS of patients with non-small cell lung cancer stratified by chemotherapy alone, or chemotherapy and miR-124a expression.

	OS			DFS
	Mean ± SD	95% CI	P-value	Mean ± SD	95% CI	P-value
Chemotherapy
Positive	29.94±1.57	23.06–33.94	0.029	26.43±3.56	25.43–28.04	0.032
Negative	22.58±1.96	18.69–24.37		20.06±3.78	18.78–25.33
Chemotherapy+expression
P+H	32.78±6.96	26.79–36.43	0.001	29.33±2.65	26.04–33.41	<0.001
N+L	20.43±3.58	16.98–22.54		20.06±3.98	18.07–24.49

OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; P+H, chemotherapy and high miR-124a expression; N+L, no chemotherapy and low miR-124a expression.

To further identify whether chemotherapy or with miR-124a expression was associated with OS and DFS, univariate and multivariate survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier estimates were conducted. The result of univariate survival analysis indicated that increased OS (P=0.029; Fig. 4A) and DFS (P=0.032; Fig. 4B) was significantly associated with chemotherapy compared with the results from untreated patients. In addition, high expression of miR-124a increased OS (P=0.023; Fig. 4C) and DFS (P=0.015; Fig. 4D) when compared with low expression. The result of multivariate survival analysis demonstrated that chemotherapy with high expression of miR-124a prolonged OS (P<0.001; Fig. 4E) and DFS (P<0.001; Fig. 4F).

Figure 4.

Survival analysis of chemotherapy and miR-124a expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Univariate survival analysis of (A) overall survival and (B) disease-free survival stratified by chemotherapy, (C) overall survival and (D) disease-free survival stratified by miR124-a expression, and (E) overall survival and (F) disease-free survival stratified by chemotherapy and miR-124a expression, as determined by Kaplan-Meier plots estimates. miR, microRNA; P&H, chemotherapy and high miR-124a expression; N&L, no chemotherapy and low miR-124a expression.

Discussion

Evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs regulated cell proliferation, cell metastasis and apoptosis at a post transcriptional level. There are previous studies that have reported that miRNAs serve a crucial role in the development of chemosensitivity or chemoresistance in NSCLC (21,22). In addition, miRNAs expression level has been identified to be associatedwith tumor development (23). In recent years, miRNAs have been used to detect early diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic evaluation (24).

miR-124a has been identified to be a novel suppressor for cancer, and has been reported to be associated with the suppressive effects of a variety of human cancers, including breast, glioma, gastric cancer and colitis (25). Certain previous studies reported that methylation of miR-124a is associated with aggressive and advanced breast cancer disease (26,27). Furthermore, miR-124a has been investigated to potentially inhibit glioma cell proliferation and invasion by blocking the expression of a particular gene (28,29). In addition, the methylation of miR-124a was identified early in colorectal carcinogenesis (30,31) and was epigenetically silenced in the development of uveal melanoma (32).

In the present study, the expression of miR-124a in 160 NSCLC tissues and 32 paired normal tissues was evaluated. Several previous papers reported that miR-124a expression level in normal tissues is higher than those in lung cancer tissues (33–35). Consistently, miR-124a expression levels were lower in NSCLC tumor biopsies, when compared to adjacent normal tissues. The OS in patients with high expression of miR-124a was prolonged relative to patients with low expression of miR-124a. Therefore, miR-124a may bea deregulated gene in NSCLC. The expression levels of miR-124a were associated with clinical characteristics, including lymph-node metastasis, tumor differentiation, TNM stage and diameter. Frequently, lymph-node metastasis, TNM stage, diameter and chemotherapy are associated with a worse prognosis in patients. Therefore, there was a significant association between miR-124a and prognosis. In addition, there was a high expression of miR-124a identified with chemotherapy that may increase OS. Therefore, it was concluded that miR-124a may act as a biomarker for response to chemotherapy in NSCLC.

Furthermore, the authors explored the biomarker role of miR-124a in NSCLC. To the best of the authors' knowledge, it is the first attempt to identify the status of miR-124a for chemotherapy in NSCLC. Generally, tumor metastasis is a major cause of high mortality of NSCLC. In recent decades, chemotherapy has remained as the central therapeutic mainstay in metastatic lung cancer, despite response rates being maintained at 30–40% and the median survival being 7–12 months (36). For the past few years, characteristic molecules began to play an important role in cancer treatment (37). It is reported that molecular biomarkers successfully respond to NSCLC chemotherapy as diagnostic biomarkers and prognostic factors. For instance, Perez-Carbonell et al (38) demonstrated that miR-320e was a novel prognostic biomarker associated with adverse clinical outcome in patients with stage III colorectal cancer treated with 5-FU-based adjuvant chemotherapy. In addition, miR-22, miR-24, miR-34a and miR-638 were investigated as novel predictive biomarkers (39,40). Furthermore, miR-200c, miR-744 and miR-34a, have been reported to be prognostic biomarkers in esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer and breast cancer (41–43).

In conclusion, the present study reported the clinical and prognostic relevance of miR-124a in patients with NSCLC. These data revealed that the OS and DFS of patients undergoing chemotherapy were prolonged in comparison with those not receiving chemotherapy. Furthermore, patients who exhibited increased expression of miR-124a with chemotherapeutic treatment presented the longest OS and DFS, compared with those who exhibited decreased expression of miR-124a without chemotherapy. Conclusively, miR-124a is a predictive biomarker for the prognosis of NSCLC with chemotherapy. In future studies, bioinformatic and transcriptomic approaches, as well as functional analysis, will be necessary to investigate the mechanistic role of miR-124a in NSCLC and to confirm the present results.