Xinyue Wang1, Rongcheng Han2, Fangfang Guo1, Xinling Li1, Wensong Zheng1, Qing Wang1, Wenjing Song3, Tielian Yu1, Ying Wang1. 1. Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China. 2. Department of Nuclear medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospitial, Guiyang 550002, China. 3. Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Background and objective Follow up by computed tomography (CT) and growth evaluation are routine methods for the differential diagnosis of indeterminate pulmonary nodules in clinical practice. Pulmonary nodules with diverse biological behaviors may show different growth patterns and velocities. The aim of this study is to identify the volume growth curve of both benign and malignant pulmonary nodules. This work also intends to determine these nodules' growth patterns and provide evidence for the establishment of a follow-up strategy. METHODS: The CT data of 111 pulmonary nodules (54 solid, 57 subsolid) were retrospectively evaluated using 3D volumetric software. All of these nodules have been followed up at least twice. Of these nodules, 35 were confirmed as lung cancers, whereas 5 were confirmed as benign by pathology or histology. Moreover, 71 nodules showed no growth in more than 2 years. Stable nodules were defined as low-risk nodules, as confirmed by reevaluation from experts. On the basis of their densities and diameters, the nodules were classified into four types: benign/low-risk solid nodules, malignant solid nodules (diameter ≤1 cm and >1 cm), benign/low-risk subsolid nodules, and malignant subsolid nodules (diameter ≤1 cm and >1 cm). The follow-up interval time (d) were plotted on the x-axis, and the nodules' volume (mm3) and logarithmic volume were plotted on the y-axis. Two radiologists subjectively determined the type of growth curve. Chi-square test was performed to compare the growth curves of benign/low-risk and malignant nodules. RESULTS: Of 18 solid cancers, 12 cases (66%) were found with steep ascendant growth curves. Those of 3 cases (16.7%) were flat ascendant, 2 cases (11.1%) slowly ascendant, and 1 (5.56%) case flat. Of 17 subsolid cancers, 8 cases (47.1%) manifested steep ascendant growth curves. Those of 4 cases (23.5%) were slowly ascendant, 3 (17.6%) flat, and 2 (11.8%) descendant-ascendant. Of 36 benign/low-risk solid nodules, 5 cases (13.9%) manifested descendant growth curves, 17 cases (47.2%) flat, 8 cases (21.6%) slowly ascendant, and 6 cases (16.7%) undulate. Of 40 benign/low-risk subsolid nodules, 4 cases (10%) manifested descendant growth curves, 21 cases (52.5%) flat, 9 cases (22.5%) slowly ascendant, and 6 cases (15%) undulate. The distribution of growth curve types significantly differed between benign/low-risk and malignant nodules (χ2=42.4, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The growth curves of lung cancers are heterogeneous. A steep ascendant curve is the main type for lung cancer, with the exception of flat, slowly ascendant, or even descendant curve. A slowly ascendant curve cannot exclude the diagnosis of lung cancer, especially for subsolid nodules. .
BACKGROUND: Background and objective Follow up by computed tomography (CT) and growth evaluation are routine methods for the differential diagnosis of indeterminate pulmonary nodules in clinical practice. Pulmonary nodules with diverse biological behaviors may show different growth patterns and velocities. The aim of this study is to identify the volume growth curve of both benign and malignant pulmonary nodules. This work also intends to determine these nodules' growth patterns and provide evidence for the establishment of a follow-up strategy. METHODS: The CT data of 111 pulmonary nodules (54 solid, 57 subsolid) were retrospectively evaluated using 3D volumetric software. All of these nodules have been followed up at least twice. Of these nodules, 35 were confirmed as lung cancers, whereas 5 were confirmed as benign by pathology or histology. Moreover, 71 nodules showed no growth in more than 2 years. Stable nodules were defined as low-risk nodules, as confirmed by reevaluation from experts. On the basis of their densities and diameters, the nodules were classified into four types: benign/low-risk solid nodules, malignant solid nodules (diameter ≤1 cm and >1 cm), benign/low-risk subsolid nodules, and malignant subsolid nodules (diameter ≤1 cm and >1 cm). The follow-up interval time (d) were plotted on the x-axis, and the nodules' volume (mm3) and logarithmic volume were plotted on the y-axis. Two radiologists subjectively determined the type of growth curve. Chi-square test was performed to compare the growth curves of benign/low-risk and malignant nodules. RESULTS: Of 18 solid cancers, 12 cases (66%) were found with steep ascendant growth curves. Those of 3 cases (16.7%) were flat ascendant, 2 cases (11.1%) slowly ascendant, and 1 (5.56%) case flat. Of 17 subsolid cancers, 8 cases (47.1%) manifested steep ascendant growth curves. Those of 4 cases (23.5%) were slowly ascendant, 3 (17.6%) flat, and 2 (11.8%) descendant-ascendant. Of 36 benign/low-risk solid nodules, 5 cases (13.9%) manifested descendant growth curves, 17 cases (47.2%) flat, 8 cases (21.6%) slowly ascendant, and 6 cases (16.7%) undulate. Of 40 benign/low-risk subsolid nodules, 4 cases (10%) manifested descendant growth curves, 21 cases (52.5%) flat, 9 cases (22.5%) slowly ascendant, and 6 cases (15%) undulate. The distribution of growth curve types significantly differed between benign/low-risk and malignant nodules (χ2=42.4, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The growth curves of lung cancers are heterogeneous. A steep ascendant curve is the main type for lung cancer, with the exception of flat, slowly ascendant, or even descendant curve. A slowly ascendant curve cannot exclude the diagnosis of lung cancer, especially for subsolid nodules. .
Male, 47 years old, solid nodule in upper left lobe, diameter is 1.0 cm, pathology result was invasive adenocarcinoma. A, B: the first examination at 2013/03/12, the volume was 211 mm3; C, D: 2013/10/10, the volume was 235 mm3; E, F: 2014/11/27, the volume was 267 mm3. In more than 20 months of follow-up, nodule volume did not grew significantly, but pathology result was adenocarcinoma.
3
实性恶性结节体积及体积对数生长曲线(直径≤1 cm)
The volume and logarithm-volume growth curves of solid malignant nodules (diameter ≤1 cm)
4
实性恶性结节体积及体积对数生长曲线(直径 > 1 cm)
The volume and logarithm-volume growth curves of solid malignant nodules (diameter > 1 cm)
实性良性与低危结节体积及体积对数生长曲线The volume and logarithm-volume growth curves of solid benign/low-risk nodules男,47岁,左上叶实性结节,直径约为1.0 cm,病理为浸润性腺癌。A、B:2013/03/12第一次CT检查,体积为211 mm3;C、D:2013/10/10检查,体积为235 mm3;E、F:2014/11/27检查,体积为267 mm3。在20个月的随访中,结节体积无明显增长,但术后病理诊断为腺癌。Male, 47 years old, solid nodule in upper left lobe, diameter is 1.0 cm, pathology result was invasive adenocarcinoma. A, B: the first examination at 2013/03/12, the volume was 211 mm3; C, D: 2013/10/10, the volume was 235 mm3; E, F: 2014/11/27, the volume was 267 mm3. In more than 20 months of follow-up, nodule volume did not grew significantly, but pathology result was adenocarcinoma.实性恶性结节体积及体积对数生长曲线(直径≤1 cm)The volume and logarithm-volume growth curves of solid malignant nodules (diameter ≤1 cm)实性恶性结节体积及体积对数生长曲线(直径 > 1 cm)The volume and logarithm-volume growth curves of solid malignant nodules (diameter > 1 cm)
Male, 56 years old, subsolid nodule in lower right lobe, diameter is 0.9 cm, pathology result was invasive adenocarcinoma; A, B: the first examination at 2013/2/18, the volume was 368 mm3; C, D: 2013/5/3, the volume was 409 mm3. E, F: 2014/2/19, the volume was 485mm3. In more than 1 year follow-up after initial inspection, the nodule grew slowly.
7
亚实性恶性结节体积及体积对数生长曲线(直径≤1 cm)
The volume and logarithm-volume growth curves of subsolid malignant nodules (diameter ≤1 cm)
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亚实性恶性结节体积及体积对数生长曲线(直径 > 1 cm)
The volume and logarithm-volume growth curves of subsolid malignant nodules (diameter > 1 cm)
男,56岁,右下叶亚实性结节,直径约为0.9 cm,病理为浸润性腺癌,腺泡为主。A、B:2013/2/18第一次CT检查,体积为368 mm3;C、D:2013/5/3检查,体积为409 mm3;E、F:2014/2/19检查,体积为485 mm3。初次检查1年后亚实性结节增大缓慢。Male, 56 years old, subsolid nodule in lower right lobe, diameter is 0.9 cm, pathology result was invasive adenocarcinoma; A, B: the first examination at 2013/2/18, the volume was 368 mm3; C, D: 2013/5/3, the volume was 409 mm3. E, F: 2014/2/19, the volume was 485mm3. In more than 1 year follow-up after initial inspection, the nodule grew slowly.亚实性恶性结节体积及体积对数生长曲线(直径≤1 cm)The volume and logarithm-volume growth curves of subsolid malignant nodules (diameter ≤1 cm)亚实性恶性结节体积及体积对数生长曲线(直径 > 1 cm)The volume and logarithm-volume growth curves of subsolid malignant nodules (diameter > 1 cm)
良性/低危结节与恶性结节生长曲线类型分析
恶性结节中88.6%(31/35)生长曲线在至少某一时段显示为上升型,11.4%(4/35)生长曲线呈水平型。实性良性/低危结节中22.3%(17/76)生长曲线为上升型,但均为缓慢上升,77.7%(59/76)的生长曲线为非上升型,包括平直、下降及波浪型(表 1)。良性/肺癌低危结节与恶性结节生长曲线类型分布存在显著性差异(χ2=42.4, P < 0.01)。
1
111例不同性质肺结节的生长曲线类型
The growth curve types of 111 pulmonary nodules with different characteristics
Nodule charcteristics
Growth curve types
Total
Descendant
Flat
Ascendant
Horizontal
Undulate
Slowly
Steep
Descendant-ascendant
Flat-ascendant
Malignant
Solid ≤1 cm
0
1
0
2
2
0
2
7
Solid > 1 cm
0
0
0
2
9
0
0
11
Subsolid ≤1 cm
0
1
0
3
4
1
0
9
Subsolid > 1cm
0
2
0
1
4
1
0
8
Benign and low-risk
Solid
5
17
6
8
0
0
0
36
Subsolid
4
21
9
6
0
0
0
40
111例不同性质肺结节的生长曲线类型The growth curve types of 111 pulmonary nodules with different characteristics
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