Literature DB >> 28532535

[Tumor Associated Fibroblasts Promote PD-L1 Expression in Lung Cancer Cells].

Haiyang He1, Luyu Qi2, Yongsheng Xiao3, Yiling Hou2.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAF) is an important part of TME, which inhibits the function of immune cells. CD8+ T cells play a significant role in tumor immunity. T-cell membrane possesses a distinct type of molecule with a negative regulatory function. Upon interaction with its corresponding ligand [programmed death factor ligand 1 (PD-L1)], programmed death factor 1 (PD-1) is activated and thus inhibits the kinase activity of T cells. This study aims to explore the possible effects of TAF on PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells.
METHODS: Lung cancer cell lines H1975 and H520 were co-cultured with (experiment) or without TAF (control) via Transwell assay for through 48 hours under the same culture condition. H1975 and H520 cells were counted using a microscope. The protein and mRNA expression levels of PD-L1 were detected by FCM assay and PCR analysis, respectively.
RESULTS: The numbers of lung cancer cells in 100 μm2 for H1975 and H520 cells are (46±21) and (38±10) in the experiment group, respectively, and (16±5) and (12±5) in the control group, respectively (P<0.05). The expression levels of the PD-L1 protein in H1975 and H520 cells are (20.93%±3.54%) and (19.26%±3.04%) in the experiment group, respectively, and (12.58%±2.52%) and (11.60%±2.65%) in the control group, respectively (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels in H1975 and H520 cells are (16.45±1.25) and (15.38±2.02) pg/mL in the experiment group, respectively, and (7.78±1.27) and (7.20±1.58) pg/mL (P<0.05) in the control group, respectively (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: TAF promotes the growth and increases the expression of PD-L1 in H1975 and H520 cells.
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Year:  2017        PMID: 28532535      PMCID: PMC5973068          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.05.01

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


肿瘤细胞可以逃避免疫系统的监视即免疫逃逸,以往的研究主要集中在肿瘤细胞在免疫逃逸中自身的改变,关于肿瘤微环境对免疫逃逸的影响知之甚少。肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(tumor-associated fibroblasts, TAF)是肿瘤微环境的重要组成部分,它不同于正常的纤维细胞,具有特殊的生理、生化特点,可抑制免疫细胞的功能[。TAF表达跨膜蛋白——成纤维细胞激活蛋白α(fibroblast activation protein α, FAPα),在糖基化形态下具有二肽肽酶及胶原酶活性的同源二聚体。FAPα选择性地表达于90%以上的人上皮性肿瘤,包括乳腺癌、肺癌、结直肠癌及卵巢癌等基质成纤维细胞的包膜或胞浆中,良性及癌前病变的上皮肿瘤中FAPα表达通常为阴性[(对于非肿瘤组织,FAP表达于胰腺细胞及伤口愈合的基质纤维瘤细胞表面)。 目前已知的TAF细胞的主要功能包括:①细胞表面FAP通过发挥二肽基肽酶和肽链内切酶活性,降解和重建肿瘤与宿主之间的基质,促进肿瘤细胞向胶原底部迁移,从而有利于肿瘤细胞从原发部位脱离,协助癌细胞侵袭和远距离转移[;②通过产生VEGF、FGF等血管内皮细胞生长因子或招募内皮祖细胞,诱导肿瘤基质中血管内皮细胞网络的形成,促进肿瘤血管生成从而促进肿瘤进展[;③免疫抑制功能:分泌TGF-β(transforming growth factor-β)、白介素-10(interleukin-10, IL-10)、IL-4、IL-1B以促进Treg(regulatory cells)、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞的生成[;分泌生长因子、细胞因子、蛋白酶、胞外基质蛋白,干扰T细胞免疫应答;抑制免疫效应细胞。 在肿瘤免疫中CD8+ T细胞发挥重要的作用,T细胞的细胞膜上有一类分子对T细胞的激活具有负调节作用,这类分子被称为共抑制分子。主要的共抑制分子包括细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4, CTLA-4)和程序性死亡受体1(programmed death 1, PD-1)。PD-1[表达于多种细胞表面,在外周遇到相应的配体PD-L1programmed death factor ligand 1, PD-L1)时被激活,抑制T细胞激酶活性,抑制细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic lymphocyte, CTL)分泌γ-干扰素(interferon-γ, IFN-γ)等细胞因子,同时也可以抑制NK细胞和B细胞的增殖和功能。有研究[观察到破坏FAP阳性TAF细胞能够激活机体免疫系统,增加IFN-γ和肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)-α的释放,促进效应T细胞活化,因而本研究旨在探讨TAF对肺癌细胞免疫检点抑制分子PD-L1表达的是否有影响。

材料及方法

实验材料

人肺癌细胞系H1975、H520购于中科院上海细胞库;人肺癌组织取自已签署知情同意书患者组织样本;胎牛血清购于Gibco,DMEM/F12培养基购于Hyclone,胰蛋白酶购于Sigma;流式抗体PD-L1-PE、Mouse Ig G1 K Isotype Control购于ebioscience;Vimrntin、FAPα、CEACA125单克隆抗体购于ABCAM;反转录试剂盒TRIzol购于Life Technologies;SuperScript® Ⅲ反转录酶购于Life Technologies;PCR扩增试剂盒购于TaKara;实验引物来自Quantitech Qiagen;流式细胞仪使用BD LSRII;实时定量PCR使用Bio-Rad iCycler iQ;Transwell小室使用Millicell PISP12R48悬挂式细胞培养皿。

人肺癌肿瘤相关成纤维细胞培养

分离培养并纯化人肺癌相关成纤维细胞:无菌条件下切取肺癌患者手术切除获得的新鲜肺癌组织标本,去除血块及脂肪组织,适量Ⅱ型胶原酶消化成细胞团或单个细胞,终止消化并过200目筛网;转入无菌离心管中,1, 200 rpm离心5 min,弃上清,加入适量含20%小牛血清的DMEM/F12培养液重悬,细胞计数后按1×106个/mL接种于无菌培养瓶,37 ℃、5%CO2培养箱中培养。48 h后首次换液,此后每2-3天换液1次。待细胞融合度达到85%,进行细胞传代;自第2次传代起,根据成纤维细胞与肿瘤细胞生长速度及贴壁能力的差异,应用消化法及反复贴壁法纯化细胞,将纯化后的细胞继续培养,每8-10天进行纯化、传代1次。如此反复至第5代。 消化一皿贴壁生长3 d的细胞,1, 000 rpm离心5 min,弃上清,重悬并计数,稀释细胞浓度至1×106个/mL。以100 μL/接种于24孔板,24 h后使用质量分数4%多聚甲醛固定,膜通透后,用山羊血清封闭30 min,加入特异性一抗波形蛋白(Vimentin)、FAPα,癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA)、糖类抗原125(carbohydrate antigen 125, CA125),4 ℃孵育过夜,漂洗后加入荧光标记二抗,室温孵育1 h,随后DAPI染核10 min,加入抗荧光淬灭封片剂后,显微镜下观察。试验重复3次。

肺癌细胞复苏与传代

从-80 ℃冰箱中取出H1975、H520冻存细胞,快速将其置于37 ℃水浴中解冻,移至含有6 mL完全培养液的15 mL离心管中,1, 200 rpm离心5 min。弃上清,6 mL完全培养基重悬,接种到T25培养瓶中,37 ℃,5%CO2细胞培养箱中培养。第2天,换用6 mL新鲜完全培养基继续培养。待细胞融合度达到85%,进行细胞传代。

共培养体系的建立

取第5代TAF,消化收集制成细胞悬液;分别消化收集传代第2天的H1975、H520细胞制成细胞悬液。设共培养组为实验组,肺癌细胞单独培养组为对照组,培养条件一致。调整TAF细胞密度5×105置于Transwell下室,H1975、H520 3×105置于Transwell上室。24 h细胞贴壁生长,更换上下室培养液。培养24 h倒置显微镜观察细胞生长状态。200倍镜下随机选取5个视野计数细胞数量。

流式细胞仪检测

收集上室实验组H1975、H520细胞与单独培养H1975、H520细胞,4 ℃ 1, 000 rpm离心5 min。弃上清,重悬并计数,稀释细胞浓度至1×106个/mL,每组分别取100 μL×2样本。共培养组设为实验组,单独培养组设为对照组,并设置同型对照组。吸取实验组和对照组100 μL细胞悬液,加入PD-L1-PE抗体2.5 μL,同型对照组加入PE标记鼠IgG1同型抗体,混匀置于4 ℃避光孵育30 min。2 mL PBS洗涤一次,300 μL PBS重悬,样本于BD LSRII检测,各组细胞重复3次。

RNA提取与实时定量RT-PCR

总RNA提取:收集用于流式检测剩余细胞1, 000 rpm离心5 min,弃上清,溶解于TRIzol试剂,具体操作详见说明书。 cDNA合成:1 μg总RNA使用SuperScript® Ⅲ反转录酶反转录,PCR为20 μL体系iQ SYBR Green Supermix,cDNA 1:100稀释。

统计学分析

流式检测数据分析均于FlowJo 9.8软件进行,Mann Whitney U检验(GraphPad Prism软件)应用于比较组数据之间的差异。P < 0.05为有统计学差异。

结果

检测分离细胞特定蛋白表达

原代分离肺癌组织样本,纯化、培养5代,免疫荧光染色显微镜观察其具备成纤维细胞相关特性,Vimentin阳性表达(图 1A),同时TAF标志物蛋白FAPα表达阳性(图 1B);而肺癌相关肿瘤标记物CEACA125表达呈阴性(图 1C,图 1D),说明所得细胞为肺癌TAF
1

检测分离细胞特定蛋白表达(100×)。TAF标志物Vimentin(A)、FAPα(B)表达呈阳性,肺癌相关标志物CEA(C)、CA125(D)表达呈阴性。

Test the specific protein expression of isolated cells (100×). The express of TAF specific proteins Vimentin (A), FAPα (B) were positive, while lung cancer related markers CEA (C), CA125 (D) were negative. FAPα: fibroblast activation protein α; TAF: tumor-associated f ibroblasts; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CA125: carbohydrate antigen 125.

检测分离细胞特定蛋白表达(100×)。TAF标志物Vimentin(A)、FAPα(B)表达呈阳性,肺癌相关标志物CEA(C)、CA125(D)表达呈阴性。 Test the specific protein expression of isolated cells (100×). The express of TAF specific proteins Vimentin (A), FAPα (B) were positive, while lung cancer related markers CEA (C), CA125 (D) were negative. FAPα: fibroblast activation protein α; TAF: tumor-associated f ibroblasts; CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen; CA125: carbohydrate antigen 125.

共培养肺癌细胞生长状态

肺癌细胞与TAFs共培养48 h后倒置显微镜观察,实验组肺癌细胞生长密度高,贴壁良好,无明显的脱落、坏死,具有肺癌细胞正常的形态(图 2A,图 2B)。对照组细胞生长密度较实验组低,可见细胞皱缩而不能贴壁而漂浮于培养液中(图 2C,图 2D)。细胞计数结果,H1975实验组每100 μm2细胞数为(46±21)个,对照组细胞数为(16±5)个。H520实验组每100 μm2细胞数为(38±10)个,对照组细胞数为(12±5)个。
2

共培养肺癌细胞生长状态。共培养48 h后肺癌细胞(200×):A:实验组H1975细胞;B:实验组H520细胞;C:对照组H1975细胞;D:对照组H520细胞。箭头位置细胞皱缩不能贴壁而漂浮于培养液中。

Lung cancer cells growth after 48 h. After 48 h co-cultured lung cancer cells (200×): A: Co-cultured H1975 cells; B: Co-cultured H520 cells; C: Control H1975 cells; D: Control H520 cells. Arrows: shrunk cells floating in the culture medium.

共培养肺癌细胞生长状态。共培养48 h后肺癌细胞(200×):A:实验组H1975细胞;B:实验组H520细胞;C:对照组H1975细胞;D:对照组H520细胞。箭头位置细胞皱缩不能贴壁而漂浮于培养液中。 Lung cancer cells growth after 48 h. After 48 h co-cultured lung cancer cells (200×): A: Co-cultured H1975 cells; B: Co-cultured H520 cells; C: Control H1975 cells; D: Control H520 cells. Arrows: shrunk cells floating in the culture medium.

肺癌细胞株H1975、H520 PD-L1蛋白表达率

通过流式细胞仪分析共培养及单独培养肺癌细胞悬液,H1975细胞PD-L1蛋白表达率,实验组为(20.93%±3.54%),对照组为(12.58%±2.52%)(P < 0.05),H520细胞PD-L1蛋白表达率,实验组(19.26%±3.04%),对照组为(11.60%±2.65%)(P < 0.05)。实验组H1975细胞(图 3A)、H520细胞(图 3C)PD-L1表达水平分别较其单独培养对照组(图 3B、图 3D)高。
3

肺癌细胞株H1975、H520 PD -L1蛋白表达率。H1975细胞PD-L1蛋白表达率,共培养组19.14%(A),单独培养组14.04%(B);H520细胞PD-L1蛋白表达率,共培养组18.81%(C),单独培养组12.27%(D)。

The PD-L1 protein expression in H1975 and H520. The expression of PD-L1 protein in H1975 is 19.14% in the experiment group (A) and 14.04% in the control group (B). The expression of PD-L1 protein in H520 is 18.81% in the experiment group (C) and 12.72% in the control group (D).

肺癌细胞株H1975、H520 PD -L1蛋白表达率。H1975细胞PD-L1蛋白表达率,共培养组19.14%(A),单独培养组14.04%(B);H520细胞PD-L1蛋白表达率,共培养组18.81%(C),单独培养组12.27%(D)。 The PD-L1 protein expression in H1975 and H520. The expression of PD-L1 protein in H1975 is 19.14% in the experiment group (A) and 14.04% in the control group (B). The expression of PD-L1 protein in H520 is 18.81% in the experiment group (C) and 12.72% in the control group (D).

RT-PCR分析人肺癌肿瘤相关成纤维细胞对H1975、H520细胞PD-L1 mRNA表达的影响

如表 1所示,H1975细胞PD-L1 mRNA的表达量实验组高于对照组(P < 0.05),H520细胞PD-L1 mRNA的表达量实验组高于对照组(P < 0.05)。
1

H1975, H520细胞PD-L1 m RNA表达

The PD-L1 m RNA expression in H1975, H520

GroupH1975 (pg/mL)H520 (pg/mL)
*: P < 0.05.
Experiment group16.45±1.2515.38±2.02
Control group7.78±1.27*7.20±1.58*
H1975, H520细胞PD-L1 m RNA表达 The PD-L1 m RNA expression in H1975, H520

讨论

肿瘤微环境是肿瘤细胞与围绕在肿瘤细胞周围的血管、神经、淋巴管以及上皮细胞、淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞、纤维细胞,以及生长因子、趋化因子、抗体、激酶等多种小分子物质,一起构成的一个庞大网状结构,为肿瘤的发生、发展、侵袭及转移提供条件[。而免疫系统则在抑制肿瘤的发生、发展过程中起着重要作用,很多免疫缺陷的患者容易发生恶性肿瘤[,接受免疫抑制治疗的患者肿瘤的发生率也高于正常人[,其中T细胞介导的免疫应答特别是CD8+ CTL发挥重要作用,而T细胞的活化受到PD-1/PD-L1信号通路的抑制。目前已知肿瘤微环境成分之一的TAF可通过多种机制协助癌细胞扩散,基于PD-L1的免疫抑制作用,本实验探索TAF是否能促进肺癌细胞PD-L1的表达。 通过人肺癌组织分离TAF并与2种肺癌细胞H7901(人肺腺癌细胞)、H520(人肺鳞癌细胞)非接触共培养,检测肺癌细胞PD-L1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达。发现共培养组肺癌细胞数多于单独培养组,说明TAF对肺癌细胞的增殖具有促进作用。其次实验组PD-L1蛋白表达率和mRNA相对表达量相对于单独培养组均增加,从而在蛋白和基因水平上证实TAF细胞增加肺癌细胞PD-L1的表达。因采用非接触共培养的模式,我们推断TAF分泌的某些细胞因子可能在这一过程中起关键的作用,具体因子需要在后续实验中进一步探索。 肿瘤细胞表达的PD-L1常被作为预后较差的观测指标[,针对PD-L1的单抗药物治疗肺癌已获得一定疗效。本实验观察到TAF有助于肺癌细胞PD-L1的表达,因而为治疗肿瘤提供了一条新思路:即将表达FAPTAF作为靶点,阻断TAF的免疫抑制作用;同时与PD-L1单抗联用,在减少PD-1/PD-L1对CTL细胞的耗竭,增加活性CTL细胞的同时使不表达PD-L1蛋白的肿瘤细胞重新被免疫细胞所识别,利用自身的免疫系统杀死肿瘤细胞。
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  9 in total
  3 in total

1.  PD-L1 immunostaining scoring for non-small cell lung cancer based on immunosurveillance parameters.

Authors:  Manuel A Silva; Karen A Ryall; Claudia Wilm; Jenifer Caldara; Hans Juergen Grote; Janet C Patterson-Kane
Journal:  PLoS One       Date:  2018-06-06       Impact factor: 3.240

2.  Chimeric tumor modeling reveals role of partial PDL1 expression in resistance to virally induced immunotherapy.

Authors:  Mee Y Bartee; Parker C Dryja; Eric Bartee
Journal:  J Immunother Cancer       Date:  2019-01-16       Impact factor: 13.751

Review 3.  Predictive biomarkers for tumor immune checkpoint blockade.

Authors:  Mengting Tong; Jing Wang; Wenting He; Yanling Wang; Hongming Pan; Da Li; Hongliang Zhang
Journal:  Cancer Manag Res       Date:  2018-10-11       Impact factor: 3.989

  3 in total

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