Ronak Chhaya1, Jonathan Weiss1, Victoria Seffren2, Alla Sikorskii3, Paula M Winke4, Julius C Ojuka5, Michael J Boivin6. 1. a College of Human Medicine , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA. 2. b School of Public Health , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA. 3. c Department of Statistics & Probability , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA. 4. d Department of Linguistics, Germanic, Slavic, Asian, & African Languages , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA. 5. e Global Health Uganda , Tororo , Uganda. 6. f Department of Psychiatry and Neurology & Ophthalmology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII) uses longer gaze length for unfamiliar versus familiar human faces to gauge visual-spatial encoding, attention, and working memory in infants. Our objective was to establish the feasibility of automated eye tracking with the FTII in HIV-exposed Ugandan infants. METHOD: The FTII was administered to 31 perinatally HIV-exposed noninfected (HEU) Ugandan children 6-12 months of age (11 boys; M = 0.69 years, SD = 0.14; 19 girls; M = 0.79, SD = 0.15). A series of 10 different faces were presented (familiar face exposure for 25 s followed by a gaze preference trial of 15 s with both the familiar and unfamiliar faces). Tobii X2-30 infrared camera for pupil detection provided automated eye-tracking measures of gaze location and length during presentation of Ugandan faces selected to correspond to the gender, age (adult, child), face expression, and orientation of the original FTII. Eye-tracking gaze length for unfamiliar faces was correlated with performance on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). RESULTS: Infants gazed longer at the novel picture compared to familiar across 10 novelty preference trials. Better MSEL cognitive development was correlated with proportionately longer time spent looking at the novel faces (r(30) = 0.52, p = .004); especially for the Fine Motor Cognitive Sub-scale (r(30) = 0.54, p = .002). CONCLUSION: Automated eye tracking in a human face recognition test proved feasible and corresponded to the MSEL composite cognitive development in HEU infants in a resource-constrained clinical setting. Eye tracking may be a viable means of enhancing the validity and accuracy of other neurodevelopmental measures in at-risk children in sub-Saharan Africa.
OBJECTIVE: The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII) uses longer gaze length for unfamiliar versus familiar human faces to gauge visual-spatial encoding, attention, and working memory in infants. Our objective was to establish the feasibility of automated eye tracking with the FTII in HIV-exposed Ugandan infants. METHOD: The FTII was administered to 31 perinatally HIV-exposed noninfected (HEU) Ugandan children 6-12 months of age (11 boys; M = 0.69 years, SD = 0.14; 19 girls; M = 0.79, SD = 0.15). A series of 10 different faces were presented (familiar face exposure for 25 s followed by a gaze preference trial of 15 s with both the familiar and unfamiliar faces). Tobii X2-30 infrared camera for pupil detection provided automated eye-tracking measures of gaze location and length during presentation of Ugandan faces selected to correspond to the gender, age (adult, child), face expression, and orientation of the original FTII. Eye-tracking gaze length for unfamiliar faces was correlated with performance on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). RESULTS:Infants gazed longer at the novel picture compared to familiar across 10 novelty preference trials. Better MSEL cognitive development was correlated with proportionately longer time spent looking at the novel faces (r(30) = 0.52, p = .004); especially for the Fine Motor Cognitive Sub-scale (r(30) = 0.54, p = .002). CONCLUSION: Automated eye tracking in a human face recognition test proved feasible and corresponded to the MSEL composite cognitive development in HEU infants in a resource-constrained clinical setting. Eye tracking may be a viable means of enhancing the validity and accuracy of other neurodevelopmental measures in at-risk children in sub-Saharan Africa.
Entities:
Keywords:
Africa; Eye tracking; Fagan test; HIV; Mullen Scales of Early Learning; Uganda; child development; human faces; infants; memory
Authors: D Drotar; K Olness; M Wiznitzer; L Guay; L Marum; G Svilar; D Hom; J F Fagan; C Ndugwa; R Kiziri-Mayengo Journal: Pediatrics Date: 1997-07 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: D Drotar; K Olness; M Wiznitzer; C Schatschneider; L Marum; L Guay; J Fagan; D Hom; G Svilar; C Ndugwa; R K Mayengo Journal: Health Psychol Date: 1999-03 Impact factor: 4.267
Authors: D L O'Connor; R Hall; D Adamkin; N Auestad; M Castillo; W E Connor; S L Connor; K Fitzgerald; S Groh-Wargo; E E Hartmann; J Jacobs; J Janowsky; A Lucas; D Margeson; P Mena; M Neuringer; M Nesin; L Singer; T Stephenson; J Szabo; V Zemon Journal: Pediatrics Date: 2001-08 Impact factor: 7.124
Authors: A Guzzetta; S Mazzotti; F Tinelli; A Bancale; G Ferretti; R Battini; L Bartalena; A Boldrini; G Cioni Journal: Neuropediatrics Date: 2006-10 Impact factor: 1.947
Authors: Kelsey L C Dzwilewski; Francheska M Merced-Nieves; Andrea Aguiar; Susan A Korrick; Susan L Schantz Journal: Neurotoxicol Teratol Date: 2020-05-30 Impact factor: 3.763
Authors: Jukka M Leppänen; Julius Walker Butcher; Claire Godbout; Kevin Stephenson; D Taylor Hendrixson; Stacy Griswold; Beatrice Lorge Rogers; Patrick Webb; Aminata S Koroma; Mark J Manary Journal: BMJ Open Date: 2022-02-17 Impact factor: 2.692
Authors: Elizabeth L Prado; Kenneth Maleta; Bess L Caswell; Matthews George; Lisa M Oakes; Michaela C DeBolt; Megan G Bragg; Charles D Arnold; Lora L Iannotti; Chessa K Lutter; Christine P Stewart Journal: J Nutr Date: 2020-07-01 Impact factor: 4.798