Draft Genome Sequence of Roseovarius sp. A-2, an Iodide-Oxidizing Bacterium Isolated from Natural Gas Brine Water, Chiba, Japan.

Roseovarius sp. A-2 is a heterotrophic iodide (I-)-oxidizing bacterium isolated from iodide-rich natural gas brine water in Chiba, Japan. This strain oxidizes iodide to molecular iodine (I2) by means of an extracellular multicopper oxidase. Here we report the draft genome sequence of strain A-2. The draft genome contained 46 tRNA genes, 1 copy of a 16S-23S-5S rRNA operon, and 4,514 protein coding DNA sequences, of which 1,207 (27%) were hypothetical proteins. The genome contained a gene encoding IoxA, a multicopper oxidase previously found to catalyze the oxidation of iodide in Iodidimonas sp. Q-1. This draft genome provides detailed insights into the metabolism and potential application of Roseovarius sp. A-2.

Introduction

Roseovarius sp. A-2 is a heterotrophic iodide (I-)-oxidizing bacterium, and was isolated from natural gas brine water in Chiba, Japan, which contained very high concentration (0.7 mM) of iodide 1. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, iodide-oxidizing bacteria are divided into two distinct groups within the class Alphaproteobacteria. One of the groups is most closely related to Roseovarius tolerans and Roseovarius mucosus with sequence similarities of 94 to 98%. The other group is closely related to the genera Rhodothalassium and Kordiimonas, and the newly proposed Iodidimonas gen. nov 2. Shiroyama et al. 3 recently characterized an iodide-oxidizing enzyme of Roseovarius sp. A-2. It was an extracellular protein, and had significant oxidizing activities not only for iodide but also for p-phenylenediamine and hydroquinone. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of this enzyme revealed that it is homologous to IoxA, a multicopper oxidase previously found as a component of iodide-oxidizing enzyme of Iodidimonas sp. Q-1 4. IoxA is a novel type of bacterial multicopper oxidase, and expected to be used as an enzyme-based antimicrobial system due to its strong molecular iodine (I2)-producing activity 5. We have generated a draft genome sequence of Roseovarius sp. A-2 to better understand the metabolism of this strain and to provide insights into future practical applications of iodide-oxidizing bacteria, in general.

Roseovarius sp. A-2 was growical">n in Marine Broth 2216 (Bectoical">n Dickinsoical">n, Sparks, MD) and DNA was extracted using a DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Whole-genome sequencing was performed using paired-end sequencing oical">n an Illumina MiSeq. The sequencer produced 300-bp paired-end reads that were obtained from 550-bp inserts. The quality of the reads was checked using FastQC 6. PhiX coical">ntaminatioical">ns 7 were removed using bbduk 8, and the PhiX free reads were trimmed using Trimmomatic 9. The reads were assembled using SPAdes versioical">n 3.9.0 10. After the removal of low-coverage coical">ntigs, the resulting assembly coical">ntains 126 coical">ntigs coical">nsisting of 4,584,578 bp, with a G+C content of 62.8 %. The genome size and G+C content for strain A-2 were within the range of those for other Roseovarius spp. including R. tolerans (3.7 Mb and 63.9%), R. mucosus (4.2 Mb and 61.9%), and R. indicus (5.5 Mb and 64.8%) 11-13. Genome annotation was performed using Prokka v1.11, which is a pipeline comprising several bioinformatic tools 14. Briefly, Aragorn 15 detected 46 tRNA genes, Barrnap predicted 1 copy of a 16S-23S-5S rRNA operon, and Prodigal 16 identified 4,514 protein coding DNA sequences (CDS), of which 400 contained signal peptides identified using SignalP 17. Of the 4,514 proteins, 1,207 were hypothetical proteins of unknown function, 2,491 were annotated by UniProtKB 18, 621 by Pfam 19, 255 by NCBI's CDD (Conserved Domain Database) 20, and 21 by HAMAP 21.

The genome contained four multicopper oxidase genes. Among these, one was closely related to ioxA, which was previously fouical">nd to be involved in iodide oxidation in Iodidimonas sp. Q-1 4. A key gene encoding phosphofructokinase (pfk) for glycolysis was not detected, but a complete set of genes for the TCA cycle and pentose phosphate pathway were predicted. The inability to grow on glucose has been observed commonly in Roseovarius spp., and this was probably due to lack of pfk 22, 23. Genes involved in starch, sucrose, and galactose metabolism were also absent. The genome contained nitrate reductase (nar), but not nitrite reductase (nir) or nitrogenase (nif) genes. The genome did not contain the photosynthetic gene cluster (puf, bch, and crt genes), which has been found in Iodidimonas sp. Q-1 24 and other Roseovarius spp. 11, 12. There were no autotrophic CO2 fixation pathway genes such as rbc genes. The genome contained at least 39 genes coding for cytochrome c. Nearly complete sets of genes for the flagellar system (flg, fli, and mot), type II secretion system (gsp), type IV secretion system (virB), general secretion system (sec), and twin-arginine translocation pathway (tat) were identified. A wide variety of ABC transporters, including those involved in sulfate, tungstate, molybdate, zinc, iron(III), phosphate, phosphonate, taurine, spermidine, putrescine, glycine betaine, sorbitol/mannitol, glycerol, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, and urea transport were identified. Various proteins involved in aerobic metabolism, such as NADH dehydrogenase (nuo), succinate dehydrogenases (sdh and frd), cytochrome-c oxidase (cbb3-type and quinol oxidase), catalase-peroxidase (katG), and superoxide dismutase (sodB) were identified. These results suggest that Roseovarius sp. A-2 is an aerobic heterotrophic iodide (I-)-oxidizing bacterium, and that it is well adapted to brine water environments.

Nucleotide sequence accession numbers

This whole genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession number BDIY00000000. The versioical">n described in this paper is the first versioical">n, BDIY01000000, which coical">nsists of sequences BDIY01000001 to BDIY01000126.

Table 1

Genome features of Roseovarius sp. A-2.

Genome size	4.58 Mb
GC content	62.8%
Number of contigs	126
Total contig size	4,584,578 bp
Largest contig	670,842 bp
N50	160,967
L50	8
Protein encoding genes	4,514
tRNAs	46
rRNA	1