Ahmad Abu-Akel1, Renee R Testa2,3,4, Harvey P Jones2,3, Nola Ross4, Efstratios Skafidas5, Bruce Tonge6, Christos Pantelis2,5. 1. 1 Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. 2. 2 Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia. 3. 3 School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia. 4. 4 The Child and Adolescent Neuropsychology Group, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. 5. 5 Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. 6. 6 Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and Psychology, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: While diagnostically independent, autism and schizotypal disorders can co-occur. Their concurrent impact on outcomes and phenotypes has not been investigated. We investigated the impact of comorbid autism and schizotypal disorders in children on executive functioning and socio-pragmatic skills - core features of both disorders. METHOD: Executive functioning (assessed with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery) and socio-pragmatic skills (assessed using the Melbourne Assessment of Schizotypy in Kids) were investigated in a total of 67 (6-12 year old) children with autism ( n = 15; M/F = 10/5), schizotypal disorder ( n = 8; M/F = 5/3) and comorbid autism and schizotypal disorder ( n = 12; M/F = 5/7) and typically developing children ( n = 32; M/F = 17/15). RESULTS: Both the autism and schizotypal disorder groups performed more poorly than the typically developing group on socio-pragmatic skills and overall performance (i.e. number of stages completed) of the intra-/extra-dimensional set-shifting task (all ps < 0.001). Clear distinctions between the autism and schizotypal groups were present in the intra-/extra-dimensional task relative to the typically developing group - the autism group had difficulties with extra-dimensional shifts ( p < 0.001), and the schizotypal disorder group with intra-dimensional shifts ( p = 0.08). Interestingly, the overall performance of the comorbid group on the intra-/extra-dimensional task was not significantly different from the typically developing group, and they were superior to both the autism ( p = 0.019) and schizotypal disorder ( p = 0.042) groups on socio-pragmatic skills. CONCLUSION: The phenotypical overlap between autism and schizotypal disorders may be precipitated by different cognitive styles and/or mechanisms associated with attention and information processing. We propose that sustaining and switching attention represent two poles of irregularities across the autism and schizotypal spectra, which appear to converge in a compensatory manner in the comorbid group. Our findings highlight the importance of investigating children with a dual diagnosis of autism and schizotypal disorders, and raise intriguing questions about possible mechanisms to explain the attenuated impairment observed in the group of children with comorbid autism and schizotpyal disorders.
OBJECTIVE: While diagnostically independent, autism and schizotypal disorders can co-occur. Their concurrent impact on outcomes and phenotypes has not been investigated. We investigated the impact of comorbid autism and schizotypal disorders in children on executive functioning and socio-pragmatic skills - core features of both disorders. METHOD: Executive functioning (assessed with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery) and socio-pragmatic skills (assessed using the Melbourne Assessment of Schizotypy in Kids) were investigated in a total of 67 (6-12 year old) children with autism ( n = 15; M/F = 10/5), schizotypal disorder ( n = 8; M/F = 5/3) and comorbid autism and schizotypal disorder ( n = 12; M/F = 5/7) and typically developing children ( n = 32; M/F = 17/15). RESULTS: Both the autism and schizotypal disorder groups performed more poorly than the typically developing group on socio-pragmatic skills and overall performance (i.e. number of stages completed) of the intra-/extra-dimensional set-shifting task (all ps < 0.001). Clear distinctions between the autism and schizotypal groups were present in the intra-/extra-dimensional task relative to the typically developing group - the autism group had difficulties with extra-dimensional shifts ( p < 0.001), and the schizotypal disorder group with intra-dimensional shifts ( p = 0.08). Interestingly, the overall performance of the comorbid group on the intra-/extra-dimensional task was not significantly different from the typically developing group, and they were superior to both the autism ( p = 0.019) and schizotypal disorder ( p = 0.042) groups on socio-pragmatic skills. CONCLUSION: The phenotypical overlap between autism and schizotypal disorders may be precipitated by different cognitive styles and/or mechanisms associated with attention and information processing. We propose that sustaining and switching attention represent two poles of irregularities across the autism and schizotypal spectra, which appear to converge in a compensatory manner in the comorbid group. Our findings highlight the importance of investigating children with a dual diagnosis of autism and schizotypal disorders, and raise intriguing questions about possible mechanisms to explain the attenuated impairment observed in the group of children with comorbid autism and schizotpyal disorders.
Authors: Ahmad Abu-Akel; Ruth C M Philip; Stephen M Lawrie; Eve C Johnstone; Andrew C Stanfield Journal: Front Psychiatry Date: 2020-08-07 Impact factor: 4.157
Authors: Steven M Gillespie; Mickey T Kongerslev; Sune Bo; Ahmad M Abu-Akel Journal: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry Date: 2020-05-31 Impact factor: 4.785
Authors: Ahmad Abu-Akel; Stephen J Wood; Rachel Upthegrove; Katharine Chisholm; Ashleigh Lin; Peter C Hansen; Steven M Gillespie; Ian A Apperly; Christiane Montag Journal: Mol Psychiatry Date: 2022-04-14 Impact factor: 13.437
Authors: Tim B Ziermans; Frederike Schirmbeck; Floor Oosterwijk; Hilde M Geurts; Lieuwe de Haan Journal: Psychol Med Date: 2020-03-10 Impact factor: 7.723