Yoshitaka Hashimoto1, Masahide Hamaguchi2, Takuya Fukuda1, Akihiro Ohbora3, Takao Kojima3, Michiaki Fukui1. 1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan. 2. Department of Diabetology, Kameoka Municipal Hospital, 1-1 Noda, Shinochoshino, Kameoka-city, Kyoto, 621-8585, Japan. seele@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp. 3. Department of Gastroenterology, Murakami Memorial Hospital, Asahi University, Gifu, Japan.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Recent studies identified that metabolically abnormal non-obese phenotype is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about risk factor for progression from metabolically healthy non-overweight to metabolically abnormal phenotype. We hypothesized that fatty liver had a clinical impact on progression from metabolically healthy non-overweight to metabolically abnormal phenotype. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 14,093 Japanese (7557 men and 6736 women), who received the health-checkup program from 2004 to 2012, were enrolled. Overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index 23.0-25.0 and ≥25.0 kg/m2. Four metabolic factors (impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration) were used for definition of metabolically healthy (less than two factors) or metabolically abnormal (two or more). We divided the participants into three groups: metabolically healthy non-overweight (9755 individuals, men/women = 4290/5465), metabolically healthy overweight (2547 individuals, 1800/747) and metabolically healthy obesity (1791 individuals, 1267/524). Fatty liver was diagnosed by ultrasonography. RESULTS: Over the median follow-up period of 5.3 years, 873 metabolically healthy non-overweight, 512 metabolically healthy overweight and 536 metabolically healthy obesity individuals progressed to metabolically abnormal. The adjusted hazard risks of fatty liver on progression were 1.49 (95% confidence interval 1.20-1.83, p = 0.005) in metabolically healthy non-overweight, 1.37 (1.12-1.66, p = 0.002) in metabolically healthy overweight and 1.38 (1.15-1.66, p < 0.001) in metabolically healthy obesity, after adjusting for age, sex, alcohol, smoking, exercise, impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration, and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Fatty liver is an independent risk factor for progression from metabolically healthy status to metabolically abnormal phenotype, even in non-overweight individuals.
PURPOSE: Recent studies identified that metabolically abnormal non-obese phenotype is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, little is known about risk factor for progression from metabolically healthy non-overweight to metabolically abnormal phenotype. We hypothesized that fatty liver had a clinical impact on progression from metabolically healthy non-overweight to metabolically abnormal phenotype. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 14,093 Japanese (7557 men and 6736 women), who received the health-checkup program from 2004 to 2012, were enrolled. Overweight and obesity were defined as body mass index 23.0-25.0 and ≥25.0 kg/m2. Four metabolic factors (impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration) were used for definition of metabolically healthy (less than two factors) or metabolically abnormal (two or more). We divided the participants into three groups: metabolically healthy non-overweight (9755 individuals, men/women = 4290/5465), metabolically healthy overweight (2547 individuals, 1800/747) and metabolically healthy obesity (1791 individuals, 1267/524). Fatty liver was diagnosed by ultrasonography. RESULTS: Over the median follow-up period of 5.3 years, 873 metabolically healthy non-overweight, 512 metabolically healthy overweight and 536 metabolically healthy obesity individuals progressed to metabolically abnormal. The adjusted hazard risks of fatty liver on progression were 1.49 (95% confidence interval 1.20-1.83, p = 0.005) in metabolically healthy non-overweight, 1.37 (1.12-1.66, p = 0.002) in metabolically healthy overweight and 1.38 (1.15-1.66, p < 0.001) in metabolically healthy obesity, after adjusting for age, sex, alcohol, smoking, exercise, impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration, and abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Fatty liver is an independent risk factor for progression from metabolically healthy status to metabolically abnormal phenotype, even in non-overweight individuals.
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