C J Bachmann1, L Aagaard2, M Bernardo3, L Brandt4, M Cartabia5, A Clavenna5, A Coma Fusté6, K Furu7, K Garuoliené8,9, F Hoffmann10, S Hollingworth11, K F Huybrechts12, L J Kalverdijk13, K Kawakami14, H Kieler4, T Kinoshita14, S C López15, J E Machado-Alba15, M E Machado-Duque15, M Mahesri12, P S Nishtala16, D Piovani5, J Reutfors4, L K Saastamoinen17, I Sato14, C C M Schuiling-Veninga18, Y-C Shyu19,20,21, D Siskind22, S Skurtveit7, H Verdoux23, L-J Wang24, C Zara Yahni6, H Zoëga25, D Taylor26,27. 1. Freelance Researcher, Marburg, Germany. 2. Life Science Team, Bech-Bruun Law Firm, Copenhagen, Denmark. 3. Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, and Hospital Clínic, Department of Medicine, Barcelona University, and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain. 4. Centre for Pharmacoepidemiology, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. 5. Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri', Milan, Italy. 6. Pharmacy Department of Barcelona Health Region, Catalan Health Service (CatSalut), Barcelona, Spain. 7. Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. 8. Medicines Reimbursement Department, National Health Insurance Fund of the Republic of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania. 9. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. 10. Department of Health Services Research, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany. 11. School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia. 12. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 13. University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Psychiatry, the Netherlands. 14. Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Research Management, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. 15. Grupo de Investigación en Farmacoepidemiología y Farmacovigilancia, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira - Audifarma S.A., Pereira, Colombia. 16. New Zealand's National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 17. Kela Research, The Social Insurance Institution, Helsinki, Finland. 18. Unit of Pharmacotherapy, -Epidemiology and -Economics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. 19. Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan. 20. Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Qld, Taiwan. 21. Department of Nutrition, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taiwan. 22. School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Qld, Australia. 23. University Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team Pharmaco-epidemiology, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France. 24. Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 25. Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM, Univ. Bordeaux, team Pharmaco-epidemiology, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France. 26. South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. 27. Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: There is some evidence that clozapine is significantly underutilised. Also, clozapine use is thought to vary by country, but so far no international study has assessed trends in clozapine prescribing. Therefore, this study aimed to assess clozapine use trends on an international scale, using standardised criteria for data analysis. METHOD: A repeated cross-sectional design was applied to data extracts (2005-2014) from 17 countries worldwide. RESULTS: In 2014, overall clozapine use prevalence was greatest in Finland (189.2/100 000 persons) and in New Zealand (116.3/100 000), and lowest in the Japanese cohort (0.6/100 000), and in the privately insured US cohort (14.0/100 000). From 2005 to 2014, clozapine use increased in almost all studied countries (relative increase: 7.8-197.2%). In most countries, clozapine use was highest in 40-59-year-olds (range: 0.6/100 000 (Japan) to 344.8/100 000 (Finland)). In youths (10-19 years), clozapine use was highest in Finland (24.7/100 000) and in the publicly insured US cohort (15.5/100 000). CONCLUSION: While clozapine use has increased in most studied countries over recent years, clozapine is still underutilised in many countries, with clozapine utilisation patterns differing significantly between countries. Future research should address the implementation of interventions designed to facilitate increased clozapine utilisation.
OBJECTIVE: There is some evidence that clozapine is significantly underutilised. Also, clozapine use is thought to vary by country, but so far no international study has assessed trends in clozapine prescribing. Therefore, this study aimed to assess clozapine use trends on an international scale, using standardised criteria for data analysis. METHOD: A repeated cross-sectional design was applied to data extracts (2005-2014) from 17 countries worldwide. RESULTS: In 2014, overall clozapine use prevalence was greatest in Finland (189.2/100 000 persons) and in New Zealand (116.3/100 000), and lowest in the Japanese cohort (0.6/100 000), and in the privately insured US cohort (14.0/100 000). From 2005 to 2014, clozapine use increased in almost all studied countries (relative increase: 7.8-197.2%). In most countries, clozapine use was highest in 40-59-year-olds (range: 0.6/100 000 (Japan) to 344.8/100 000 (Finland)). In youths (10-19 years), clozapine use was highest in Finland (24.7/100 000) and in the publicly insured US cohort (15.5/100 000). CONCLUSION: While clozapine use has increased in most studied countries over recent years, clozapine is still underutilised in many countries, with clozapine utilisation patterns differing significantly between countries. Future research should address the implementation of interventions designed to facilitate increased clozapine utilisation.
Authors: Mikkel Højlund; Anton Pottegård; Erik Johnsen; Rune A Kroken; Johan Reutfors; Povl Munk-Jørgensen; Christoph U Correll Journal: Br J Clin Pharmacol Date: 2019-05-11 Impact factor: 4.335
Authors: Madeleine S A Tan; Faraz Honarparvar; James R Falconer; Harendra S Parekh; Preeti Pandey; Dan J Siskind Journal: Psychopharmacology (Berl) Date: 2021-01-07 Impact factor: 4.530
Authors: Eilis Hannon; Emma L Dempster; Georgina Mansell; Joe Burrage; Nick Bass; Marc M Bohlken; Aiden Corvin; Charles J Curtis; David Dempster; Marta Di Forti; Timothy G Dinan; Gary Donohoe; Fiona Gaughran; Michael Gill; Amy Gillespie; Cerisse Gunasinghe; Hilleke E Hulshoff; Christina M Hultman; Viktoria Johansson; René S Kahn; Jaakko Kaprio; Gunter Kenis; Kaarina Kowalec; James MacCabe; Colm McDonald; Andrew McQuillin; Derek W Morris; Kieran C Murphy; Colette J Mustard; Igor Nenadic; Michael C O'Donovan; Diego Quattrone; Alexander L Richards; Bart Pf Rutten; David St Clair; Sebastian Therman; Timothea Toulopoulou; Jim Van Os; John L Waddington; Patrick Sullivan; Evangelos Vassos; Gerome Breen; David Andrew Collier; Robin M Murray; Leonard S Schalkwyk; Jonathan Mill Journal: Elife Date: 2021-02-26 Impact factor: 8.140