An objective view of biological diversity: how history and epistemology shaped current treatment.

The concept of biological diversity has inspired important discussions throughout the history of ecology. Although its meaning and usefulness have been questioned, it is currently one of the key artifacts of ecology. One way to try to understand why such a concept has undergone so many discussions is to examine its emergence and history from the epistemology perspective. In the present work, we investigated how the emergence of mechanical objectivity (as an epistemic virtue) and trained judgment affected how ecologists address the concept of biological diversity. Thus, we employed the theoretical framework of objectivity (provided by Daston and Galison in Objectivity. Zone Books, New York, 2007) to analyze different periods of scientific literature in ecology ("initial period": end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century; "intermediate period": mid-twentieth century; "contemporary period": from the second half of the 1980s). Our results showed that the emergence of mechanical objectivity and trained judgment affected biological diversity research. In particular, the ideal of objectivity behind the way in which the concept of biological diversity is addressed in different fields of contemporary ecology could not be the same.