Takashi Yoshikado1, Kazuya Maeda2, Sawako Furihata3, Hanano Terashima2, Takeshi Nakayama2, Keiko Ishigame1, Kazunobu Tsunemoto1, Hiroyuki Kusuhara2, Ken-Ichi Furihata3, Yuichi Sugiyama4. 1. Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan. 2. Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. 3. Keikokai Medical Corporation, P-One Clinic, 8-1 Yokamachi, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0071, Japan. 4. Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan. ychi.sugiyama@riken.jp.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To demonstrate the relative importance of organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) and cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in the hepatic elimination of substrate drugs. METHODS: A cocktail of subtherapeutic doses of bosentan, repaglinide, clarithromycin, darunavir, simeprevir, and midazolam (CYP3A probe) was administered orally to eight healthy volunteers. Rifampicin (OATP inhibitor; 600 mg, p.o.) and itraconazole (CYP3A inhibitor; 200 mg, i.v.) were coadministered with the cocktail in the second and third phases, respectively. Based on the extended clearance concept, in vivo β values (fraction of metabolism plus biliary excretion among all the intracellular fates of drugs including basolateral efflux) and Rdif values (ratio of diffusional uptake to active uptake) were estimated. RESULTS: Rifampicin increased plasma AUCs of bosentan (×3.2), repaglinide (×1.9), clarithromycin (×1.9) and simeprevir (×7.2). Itraconazole increased those of clarithromycin (×2.3), simeprevir (×2.2) and midazolam (×3.7), which had relatively small β values. The plasma AUC of bosentan (with relatively large β and small Rdif) was dominated by OATP-mediated uptake. The AUC of simeprevir was also dominated by OATP-mediated uptake because of its small Rdif value. CONCLUSIONS: The DDI study clarified the rate-determining processes of OATP/CYP3A substrates. Our analyses provide valuable information for predicting complex drug-drug interactions involving multiple processes.
PURPOSE: To demonstrate the relative importance of organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) and cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) in the hepatic elimination of substrate drugs. METHODS: A cocktail of subtherapeutic doses of bosentan, repaglinide, clarithromycin, darunavir, simeprevir, and midazolam (CYP3A probe) was administered orally to eight healthy volunteers. Rifampicin (OATP inhibitor; 600 mg, p.o.) and itraconazole (CYP3A inhibitor; 200 mg, i.v.) were coadministered with the cocktail in the second and third phases, respectively. Based on the extended clearance concept, in vivo β values (fraction of metabolism plus biliary excretion among all the intracellular fates of drugs including basolateral efflux) and Rdif values (ratio of diffusional uptake to active uptake) were estimated. RESULTS:Rifampicin increased plasma AUCs of bosentan (×3.2), repaglinide (×1.9), clarithromycin (×1.9) and simeprevir (×7.2). Itraconazole increased those of clarithromycin (×2.3), simeprevir (×2.2) and midazolam (×3.7), which had relatively small β values. The plasma AUC of bosentan (with relatively large β and small Rdif) was dominated by OATP-mediated uptake. The AUC of simeprevir was also dominated by OATP-mediated uptake because of its small Rdif value. CONCLUSIONS: The DDI study clarified the rate-determining processes of OATP/CYP3A substrates. Our analyses provide valuable information for predicting complex drug-drug interactions involving multiple processes.
Entities:
Keywords:
Extended clearance concept; Hepatic uptake; Metabolism; Rate-determining process
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