Efficient transactivation and morphologic transformation by bovine papillomavirus genes expressed from a bovine papillomavirus/simian virus 40 recombinant virus.

To efficiently introduce bovine papillomavirus type 1 genes into cultured cells, we constructed a hybrid viral genome in which the simian virus 40 early region is replaced with a segment of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 transforming region. High-titer stocks of simian virus 40 virions containing the recombinant genome were produced in monkey cells that express simian virus 40 large tumor antigen. Cells infected with this virus efficiently expressed the bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 and E5 genes. Expression of the E2 gene caused transactivation of genes linked to the bovine papillomavirus type 1 control region, resulting in up to a 1000-fold induction. At high multiplicity of infection of a cell line containing an integrated reporter gene, most cells were infected and responded to transactivation. Within 48 hr of infection with wild-type virus but not with an open reading frame E5 mutant, mouse C127 cells displayed dramatic changes in morphology and growth characteristics similar to those seen in tumorigenic transformation. This system can be used to determine the acute cellular response to introduction of bovine papillomavirus type 1 transforming and regulatory genes; it can also be used to induce foreign genes stably incorporated into cultured mammalian cells.