Zahra Sepehri1, Zohre Kiani2, Farhad Kohan3, Seyed Moayed Alavian4, Saeid Ghavami5. 1. Department of Internal Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran. 2. Zabol Medicinal Plant Research Center, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran; Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Electronic address: z.kiani@zbmu.ac.ir. 3. Student Research Committee, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran. 4. Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 5. Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an extracellular pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) which recognizes a wide range of pathogens and damage associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs). It can activate intracellular signaling and consequently transcription factors which participate in transcription from either immune related or malignancy genes. Thus, it has been hypothesized that TLR4 may be a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This article has reviewed the roles of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of HCC. METHOD: "TLR4", "hepatocellular carcinoma", "liver tumor" and "liver cancer" were used as key words for searching in Scopus, Google Scholar and MEDLINE scientific databases. RESULTS: Most of the investigations documented the roles of TLR4 in induction of HCC via several mechanisms including increased number of T regulatory lymphocytes and liver resident follicular helper like cells, increased production of pro-inflammatory and malignancy related molecules including cytokines, NANOG, Caspase-1, Ephrin-A1, NO and BCL6. TLR4 participates in the proliferation of the cells and also production of the molecules in both chronic infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. DISCUSSION: TLR4 is an innate immunity receptor which plays a pathogenic role during chronic inflammation and can induce HCC in human.
INTRODUCTION:Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an extracellular pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) which recognizes a wide range of pathogens and damage associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs). It can activate intracellular signaling and consequently transcription factors which participate in transcription from either immune related or malignancy genes. Thus, it has been hypothesized that TLR4 may be a cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This article has reviewed the roles of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of HCC. METHOD: "TLR4", "hepatocellular carcinoma", "liver tumor" and "liver cancer" were used as key words for searching in Scopus, Google Scholar and MEDLINE scientific databases. RESULTS: Most of the investigations documented the roles of TLR4 in induction of HCC via several mechanisms including increased number of T regulatory lymphocytes and liver resident follicular helper like cells, increased production of pro-inflammatory and malignancy related molecules including cytokines, NANOG, Caspase-1, Ephrin-A1, NO and BCL6. TLR4 participates in the proliferation of the cells and also production of the molecules in both chronic infectious and non-infectious inflammatory diseases. DISCUSSION: TLR4 is an innate immunity receptor which plays a pathogenic role during chronic inflammation and can induce HCC in human.
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