Beatrice Bortolato1, Cristiano A Köhler2, Evangelos Evangelou3,4, Jordi León-Caballero5,6, Marco Solmi1,7,8,9, Brendon Stubbs10,11,12, Lazaros Belbasis3, Isabella Pacchiarotti5, Lars V Kessing13, Michael Berk14,15,16, Eduard Vieta5, André F Carvalho1,2. 1. Institute for clinical Research and Education in Medicine, I.R.E.M., Padova, Italy. 2. Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. 3. Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina Medical School, Ioannina, Greece. 4. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. 5. Bipolar Unit, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. 6. Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Parc de Salut Mar, CIBERSAM, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. 7. Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. 8. Local Health Unit 17 ULSS 17, Mental Health Department, Padova, Italy. 9. Department of Medicine, DIMED, Geriatrics Division, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. 10. Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. 11. Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. 12. Faculty of Health, Social care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK. 13. Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. 14. IMPACT Strategic Research Centre (Barwon Health), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia. 15. Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. 16. Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is likely to involve both genetic and environmental risk factors. In our study, we aimed to perform a systematic search of environmental risk factors for BD. In addition, we assessed possible hints of bias in this literature, and identified risk factors supported by high epidemiological credibility. METHODS: We searched the Pubmed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycInfo databases up to 7 October 2016 to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies that assessed associations between putative environmental risk factors and BD. For each meta-analysis, we estimated its summary effect size by means of both random- and fixed-effects models, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), the 95% prediction interval, and heterogeneity. Evidence of small-study effects and excess of significance bias was also assessed. RESULTS: Sixteen publications met the inclusion criteria (seven meta-analyses and nine qualitative systematic reviews). Fifty-one unique environmental risk factors for BD were evaluated. Six meta-analyses investigated associations with a risk factor for BD. Only irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) emerged as a risk factor for BD supported by convincing evidence (k=6; odds ratio [OR]=2.48; 95% CI=2.35-2.61; P<.001), and childhood adversity was supported by highly suggestive evidence. Asthma and obesity were risk factors for BD supported by suggestive evidence, and seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii and a history of head injury were supported by weak evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Notwithstanding that several environmental risk factors for BD were identified, few meta-analyses of observational studies were available. Therefore, further well-designed and adequately powered studies are necessary to map the environmental risk factors for BD.
OBJECTIVES: The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is likely to involve both genetic and environmental risk factors. In our study, we aimed to perform a systematic search of environmental risk factors for BD. In addition, we assessed possible hints of bias in this literature, and identified risk factors supported by high epidemiological credibility. METHODS: We searched the Pubmed/MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycInfo databases up to 7 October 2016 to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies that assessed associations between putative environmental risk factors and BD. For each meta-analysis, we estimated its summary effect size by means of both random- and fixed-effects models, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), the 95% prediction interval, and heterogeneity. Evidence of small-study effects and excess of significance bias was also assessed. RESULTS: Sixteen publications met the inclusion criteria (seven meta-analyses and nine qualitative systematic reviews). Fifty-one unique environmental risk factors for BD were evaluated. Six meta-analyses investigated associations with a risk factor for BD. Only irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) emerged as a risk factor for BD supported by convincing evidence (k=6; odds ratio [OR]=2.48; 95% CI=2.35-2.61; P<.001), and childhood adversity was supported by highly suggestive evidence. Asthma and obesity were risk factors for BD supported by suggestive evidence, and seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii and a history of head injury were supported by weak evidence. CONCLUSIONS: Notwithstanding that several environmental risk factors for BD were identified, few meta-analyses of observational studies were available. Therefore, further well-designed and adequately powered studies are necessary to map the environmental risk factors for BD.
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