Y Y Wei1, Y Y Zhang, Y Z Zhen, L Q Zhang, C G Jia, R D Zhang, H Y Zheng, X Y Wu, R H Wu. 1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology; National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Ministry of Education; Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China.
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the current status of catheter-related-thrombosis (CRT) and the risk factors of Chinese acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) children with peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) . Methods: The clinical data of the 116 inpatients preliminarily diagnosed ALL in the Leukemia Ward of Beijing Children's Hospital with PICC from 1(st) March 2014 to 31(st) December 2014 were collected prospectively. Results: ①Refer to the B-ultrasound on the 15(th) day after catheterization, the incidence of CRT was 28.4% (33/116 cases) , all cases were symptom-free. ②There were no statistical differences in terms of gender, age distribution, degree, immunotype between CRT and CRT-free groups. This study revealed no statistical differences of blood routine test items, coagulation function items, co-infection and catheterization vein between the two groups. While there was significant statistical difference of catheterization side, the frequency of right catheterization was higher in CRT group[75.8% (25/33) vs 55.4% (46/83) , P=0.043]. ③On the 15(th) day after catheterization, significant statistical difference of D-Dimer between the two groups was revealed[0.18 (0.05-2.45) mg/L vs 0.11 (0.01-5.34) mg/L, P=0.001], while no statistical differences of blood routine test items and other coagulation function items. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis verified catheterization on right was a risk factor of CRT. ④During the observation, there were 3 cases of catheter-related complications other than CRT, all of which were CRI, 2 of them had CRT meanwhile. ⑤The B-ultrasound on the 33(rd) day after catheterization showed that 73.1% of the cases had reduced thrombosis, 3.8% had growth thrombosis, 23.1% had no obvious change respectively. Conclusion: CRT was a common catheter related complication among ALL children during induction chemotherapy, and CRT cases with symptoms were rare. Catheterization on right was a risk factor for CRT, and regular test of D-Dimer and B ultrasound contributed to detect CRT. Most of the CRT cases had reduced thrombosis without specific management.
Objective: To investigate the current status of catheter-related-thrombosis (CRT) and the risk factors of Chinese acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) children with peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) . Methods: The clinical data of the 116 inpatients preliminarily diagnosed ALL in the Leukemia Ward of Beijing Children's Hospital with PICC from 1(st) March 2014 to 31(st) December 2014 were collected prospectively. Results: ①Refer to the B-ultrasound on the 15(th) day after catheterization, the incidence of CRT was 28.4% (33/116 cases) , all cases were symptom-free. ②There were no statistical differences in terms of gender, age distribution, degree, immunotype between CRT and CRT-free groups. This study revealed no statistical differences of blood routine test items, coagulation function items, co-infection and catheterization vein between the two groups. While there was significant statistical difference of catheterization side, the frequency of right catheterization was higher in CRT group[75.8% (25/33) vs 55.4% (46/83) , P=0.043]. ③On the 15(th) day after catheterization, significant statistical difference of D-Dimer between the two groups was revealed[0.18 (0.05-2.45) mg/L vs 0.11 (0.01-5.34) mg/L, P=0.001], while no statistical differences of blood routine test items and other coagulation function items. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis verified catheterization on right was a risk factor of CRT. ④During the observation, there were 3 cases of catheter-related complications other than CRT, all of which were CRI, 2 of them had CRT meanwhile. ⑤The B-ultrasound on the 33(rd) day after catheterization showed that 73.1% of the cases had reduced thrombosis, 3.8% had growth thrombosis, 23.1% had no obvious change respectively. Conclusion:CRT was a common catheter related complication among ALL children during induction chemotherapy, and CRT cases with symptoms were rare. Catheterization on right was a risk factor for CRT, and regular test of D-Dimer and B ultrasound contributed to detect CRT. Most of the CRT cases had reduced thrombosis without specific management.
CVC的应用使得化疗更加方便安全。但由于CVC的使用和急性白血病都是儿童深静脉血栓的独立危险因素,使用CVC和ALL患儿的血栓发病率均显著高于正常儿童[6]。2014年一项Meta分析结果显示:儿童CRT的发病率为20%(95%CI 16%~24%)[7]。ALL患者的血栓发生率为1.7%~36.7%,显著高于非ALL人群[8]。肿瘤患者的CRT发生率为4%~16%[9]。目前对于ALL患儿的CRT发生率尚无确切统计数据。Revel-Vilk等[10]的研究结果显示症状性CRT在ALL患者中的发病率为3.8%(10/262)。在Schoot等[11]的报告中,305例恶性肿瘤患儿接受中心静脉置管,仅3例发生症状性CRT。本组儿童ALL患者诱导化疗期的CRT发生率为28.4%(33/116),且均无临床症状。本研究CRT组与非CRT组性别及年龄差异无统计学意义,与文献[12]结果一致。且本研究显示CRT组与非CRT组患儿危险度及细胞来源差异均无统计学意义。Wang等[13]研究表明,高白细胞血症尤其WBC>1.3×109/L是静脉血栓的危险因素。本组病例中CRT组与非CRT组置管时血常规及凝血功能指标差异均无统计学意义,可能与合并高白细胞血症患儿行PICC置管前接受降白细胞治疗有关。有研究认为置管体侧与CRT发生无关[14],但也有研究结果显示左侧置管患者的CRT发生率更高[15]–[17]。本研究中,右侧置管患儿CRT的发生率高于左侧置管的患儿(P=0.043),多元Logistic回归分析显示右侧置管为CRT危险因素[P=0.046,OR=2.514(95% CI 1.016~6.221)]。欧洲危重患者肠内营养支持指南中提出,上腔静脉和右心房连接处是CVC管端的理想位置[18],若管端更深入右心房会提高心律失常的发生率[19],而管端位于上腔静脉附近则会增加血栓风险[20]。在置管静脉选择方面,Evans等[21]的一项包括456例患者的前瞻性研究结果显示PICC置管静脉不是CRT危险因素。本研究两组间在置管静脉差异无统计学意义,与上述研究结果一致。Revel-Vilk等[10]在三个儿童血液肿瘤中心进行的包括265例肿瘤或骨髓移植患者(423根CVC)的前瞻性研究结果显示,合并导管感染或堵塞的患者CRT发生率更高。本研究中3例发生CRI的患儿中有2例发生CRT。既往研究结果显示,在发生CRT时,D-二聚体是一项较为敏感和特异的诊断指标[22]。本研究中CRT组置管第15天D-二聚体明显升高,与上述研究结果一致。2012年美国胸科医师协会(ACCP)发布的《抗血栓治疗与血栓预防指南》第九版[7]推荐的CRT处理方案:①若导管已失效或已无需要,进行3~5 d抗凝治疗后移除导管;②若导管仍通畅且需继续使用此导管,则建议维持导管,予以预防剂量的维生素K拮抗剂或低分子肝素抗凝治疗3个月,直到导管移除;③若在患者接受预防治疗时血栓再发,建议导管移除、抗凝治疗,并随访观察至少3个月。本研究病例数较少,ALL患儿化疗诱导期CRT的发生率、影响因素、预防及治疗方案尚需大样本、多中心、前瞻性临床研究进行验证。
Authors: S Revel-Vilk; J Yacobovich; H Tamary; G Goldstein; S Nemet; M Weintraub; O Paltiel; G Kenet Journal: Cancer Date: 2010-09-01 Impact factor: 6.860
Authors: R Scott Evans; Jamie H Sharp; Lorraine H Linford; James F Lloyd; Jacob S Tripp; Jason P Jones; Scott C Woller; Scott M Stevens; C Gregory Elliott; Lindell K Weaver Journal: Chest Date: 2010-10 Impact factor: 9.410
Authors: Tzu-Fei Wang; Catherine A Wong; Paul E Milligan; Mark S Thoelke; Keith F Woeltje; Brian F Gage Journal: Thromb Res Date: 2013-09-16 Impact factor: 3.944
Authors: Verena Wiegering; Sophie Schmid; Oliver Andres; Clemens Wirth; Armin Wiegering; Thomas Meyer; Beate Winkler; Paul G Schlegel; Matthias Eyrich Journal: BMC Hematol Date: 2014-10-01