Pharmacotherapy for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia patients.

INTRODUCTION: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is an iatrogenic movement disorder most commonly observed in patients with psychotic disorders who are treated with dopamine blocking antipsychotic medications. Treatment options are limited, and recommendations for treatment are based on a relative scarcity of evidence. Areas covered: After briefly highlighting current mechanistic theories of TD, this review will discuss the evidence for a number of medications of several different classes that have been studied for the treatment of TD since the 1970s with an emphasis on placebo controlled trials when possible. We used a Pubmed search of primary studies, reviews, and metaanalyses on the topic of TD treatment in order to cover this topic. Expert opinion: Treatment of TD is difficult given limited data and incomplete understanding of the mechanism. Treatment of TD must be evaluated on an individual basis with careful weight given to severity of symptoms. We suggest the use of atypical versus conventional antipsychotics whenever possible and would recommend trials with one or more of a number of additional agents starting with valbenazine.