Liang-Jen Wang1, Yu-Chi Huang2, Chi-Fa Hung2, Chih-Ken Chen3,4, Yi-Chih Chen3,4, Pei-Yi Lee1, Si-Ming Wang1, Ming-Hsiung Liu2, Chia-Ju Lin2, Su-Ting Hsu5,6. 1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. 3. Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan. 4. Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan. 5. Department of Community Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. 6. Graduate Institute of Counseling Psychology and Rehabilitation Counseling, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) is a cognitive assessment tool used to measure the broad aspects of cognition that are most frequently impaired in patients with schizophrenia. This study aims to develop the normative data of the Chinese version of the BACS among the Mandarin-speaking population. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 382 healthy participants (age range: 19-79 years; mean age: 48.0 ± 16.7 years, 47.6% men) in Taiwan, who were evaluated with the BACS. Means and standard deviations of subtests and composite scores were arranged by age group and gender. The Z-scores calculated based on the U.S. norms were compared to our scores based on the norms established in this study. RESULTS: The raw scores of all the BACS tests (verbal memory, digit sequencing, token motor test, verbal fluency, symbol coding, and Tower of London) were negatively correlated with participants' age. Women were superior to men in verbal memory, but inferior to them in executive function. Furthermore, applying the U.S. norms of the BACS to determine the performance of the Chinese BACS results in bias with regard to verbal memory, token motor test, verbal fluency, symbol coding, Tower of London and composite score. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that directly applying western cognitive norms to a Mandarin-speaking population can cause biased interpretations. The results of this study can be an important reference for clinical settings and research related to cognitive assessments in Mandarin-speaking Chinese populations.
OBJECTIVE: The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) is a cognitive assessment tool used to measure the broad aspects of cognition that are most frequently impaired in patients with schizophrenia. This study aims to develop the normative data of the Chinese version of the BACS among the Mandarin-speaking population. METHOD: This cross-sectional study included 382 healthy participants (age range: 19-79 years; mean age: 48.0 ± 16.7 years, 47.6% men) in Taiwan, who were evaluated with the BACS. Means and standard deviations of subtests and composite scores were arranged by age group and gender. The Z-scores calculated based on the U.S. norms were compared to our scores based on the norms established in this study. RESULTS: The raw scores of all the BACS tests (verbal memory, digit sequencing, token motor test, verbal fluency, symbol coding, and Tower of London) were negatively correlated with participants' age. Women were superior to men in verbal memory, but inferior to them in executive function. Furthermore, applying the U.S. norms of the BACS to determine the performance of the Chinese BACS results in bias with regard to verbal memory, token motor test, verbal fluency, symbol coding, Tower of London and composite score. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that directly applying western cognitive norms to a Mandarin-speaking population can cause biased interpretations. The results of this study can be an important reference for clinical settings and research related to cognitive assessments in Mandarin-speaking Chinese populations.