Correction: Atheists and Agnostics Are More Reflective than Religious Believers: Four Empirical Studies and a Meta-Analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153039.].

There is an error in one of the correlations (r) between Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) performance and belief in God in Table 6, Fig 3 and Fig 4. The correct correlation, from Gervais [5], is -.16. Please see the corrected Table 6, Fig 3 and Fig 4 below.

Table 6

Summary of studies reporting a correlation (r) between a behavioral measure of analytic thinking and religiosity (variously measured).

Significant correlations are in bold.

Reference	Study	Analytic thinking measure	Religiosity measure	r	N
Shenhav et al.	1*	CRT (intuitive scoring)	God	.18#	882
(2012) [13]		w	Convinced of God’s existence	.15a
			Immortal souls	.14
			Belief change	.19
	2*	CRT	God	-.18#	321
Pennycook et al.	1*	CRT	Religious belief scale	-.33#	181
(2012) [4]		Base-rate neglect		-.19
	2*	CRT	Religious belief scale	-.29#	267
		Base-rate neglect		-.31
Gervais &	1*	CRT	Intrinsic religiosity	-.22	179
Norenzayan			Intuitive religious belief	-.15
(2012) [12]			Supernatural agents	-.18#
Pennycook et al. (2013) [20]	1*	Belief bias syllogisms	Religious belief scale	-.46	91
Kahan (2013)b	1§	CRT	Importance of religion	-.15#	1750
[27]			Prayer frequency	-.12
Razmyar &	1*	CRT	Overall religiosity	-.09	150
Reeve (2013)c			Overall spirituality	-.19
[21]			Prayer frequency	-.19
			Extrinsic religiosity	-.20
			Intrinsic religiosity	-.24
			Fundamentalism	-.10
			Scriptural acceptance	-.17#
Piazza & Sousa (2014) [35]	3*	CRT (intuitive scoring)	Overall religiosity	.28#	192
Pennycook et al.	1*	CRT	Religious belief scale	-.23#	505
(2014a) [7]		Base-rate neglect		-.16
Pennycook et al.	1*	Base-rate neglect	Religious belief scale	-.28	78
(2014b) [22]	2ŧ	CRT	Religious belief scale	-.26#	198
		Base-rate neglect		-.29	200
	3ŧ	Base-rate neglect (rapid-response)	Religious belief scale	-.15	89
Browne et al.	1*	CRT	Strong faith	-.11#	1137
(2014)d [30]			Spiritual thinking	-.08
Byrd (2014)e [26]	1§	CRT (intuitive scoring)	Theism	.14#	412
McCutcheon et	1f	CRT	Intrinsic religiosity	.04#	164
al. (2014) [36]		Belief bias syllogisms		-.02
Baron et al.(2015) [37]	4*	CRT/ Belief bias syllogisms (combined)	God determines morality	-.32#	96
Gervaisg (2015)	1*	CRT	God	-.10#	787
[5]	2*	CRT	God	-.16#	596
Pennycook et al.	1*	CRT	Religious belief scale	-.21#	279
(2015) [10]		Heuristics & Biases battery		-.20
	2*	Heuristics & Biases battery	Religious belief scale	-.34	187
Finley et al.	CRT	CRT	Intrinsic religiosity	-.17	410
(2015) [24]	First*		Intuitive religious belief	-.23
			Supernatural agents	-.19#
	Belief	CRT	Intrinsic religiosity	.04	410
	First§		Intuitive religious belief	< .01
			Supernatural agents	-.03#
Lindeman & Lipsanen (2016) [28]	1§	CRT	Religious belief scale	-.22#	3044
Jack et al. (in	1§	CRT	God	-.15#	236
press) [29]	2§	CRT	God	-.25#	233
	3*	CRT	God	-.22#	159
	4§	CRT	God	-.24#	527
	5ŧ	CRT	God	-.23#	69
	6*	CRT	God	-.16#	459
	8*	CRT	God	-.17#	371
Current study	1ŧ	CRT	Religious belief scale	-.26#	372
		Base-rate neglect		-.23
	2ŧ	CRT	Religious belief scale	-.21#	148
		Base-rate neglect		-.25	149
	3ŧ	CRT	Religious belief scale	-.17#	277
		Heuristics/biases		-.16
	4ŧ	CRT	Religious belief scale	-.23#	267
		Heuristics/biases		-.21

a Value is a point biserial correlation coefficient (dichotomous variable).

b These values were computed by the present authors using Kahan’s (2013) [27] data, which were available online through the Society of Judgment and Decision Making website (http://journal.sjdm.org/vol8.4.html).

c Some of these measures of religiosity relate to aspects of religious practice and commitment and not religious belief (see [11]).

d The CRT was administered via phone interview in this study and performance was exceptionally low. This may explain the attenuated correlations.

e This analysis excludes participants who had previous knowledge of the CRT. Around half of the sample includes philosophers either with a PhD or who were in a PhD program at the time of the study. Participants in this study were given the CRT before the theism measure, but with a personality task in-between.

f The measures were completed in a paper-and-pencil study and the order of the pages was varied (no order analyses were reported).

g These values were computed by the present authors using Gervais’ (2015) [5] data, which were available online through the author’s website (http://willgervais.com/journal-articles/). Participants with missing data for any CRT item were removed from analysis.

* Indicates that the religious belief measure was administered after the analytic thinking measure.

§ Indicates that the religious belief measure was administered before the analytic thinking measure.

ŧ Indicates that the religious belief measure was administered in a separate session as the analytic thinking measure.

# Indicates that the correlation was included in the meta-analysis.

Note: This table does not include correlations between religious belief and self-report measures of analytic thinking disposition (e.g., [38]).

Fig 3

Forest plot of random effect meta-analysis showing effect sizes (r) for the association between religious belief scales and performance on the CRT.

Fig 4

Funnel plot of standard error by Fisher’s Z.