A Gokeler1, W Welling2, A Benjaminse3, K Lemmink4, R Seil5, S Zaffagnini6. 1. Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: a.gokeler@rug.nl. 2. Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Medisch Centrum Zuid, Groningen, The Netherlands. 3. Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Hanze University Applied Science, School of Sport Studies, Groningen, The Netherlands. 4. Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 5. Département de l'Appareil Locomoteur, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg. 6. Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hop tests are frequently used to determine return to sports (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Given that bilateral deficits are present after ACLR, this may result in a falsely high limb symmetry index (LSI), since LSI is calculated as a ratio between the values of the limbs. HYPOTHESIS: Athletes after ACLR would achieve LSI>90% for the hop test. Secondly, athletes after ACLR demonstrate decreased jump distance on the single hop for distance (SLH) and triple leg hop for distance (TLH) and decreased number of hops for the side hop (SH) for both involved and uninvolved limbs compared to normative data of sex, age and type of sports matched healthy athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two patients (38 males mean age 23.9±3.5years; 14 females mean age 21.7±3.5 years) who had undergone an ACLR participated in this study. Patients performed the 3 hop tests at a mean time of 7 months after ACLR. Hop distance, number of side hops and LSI were compared with normative data of 188 healthy athletes. RESULTS: The differences between the involved limb and the uninvolved limb were significant in all hop tests (SLH P=0.003, TLH P=0.003, SH P=0.018). For females, only significant between limb differences were found in the SLH (P=0.049). For both the SLH and the TLH, significant differences were found between the involved limb and the normative data (males; SLH P<0.001, TLH P<0.001; females; SLH P<0.001, TLH P=0.006) and between the uninvolved limb and the normative data for both males and females (males; SLH P<0.001, TLH P<0.001; females; SLH P=0.003, TLH P=0.038). For the SH, only significant differences were found between the involved limb and the normative values in males (P=0.033). CONCLUSION: Athletes who have undergone an ACLR demonstrate bilateral deficits on hop tests in comparison to age and sex matched normative data of healthy controls. Using the LSI may underestimate performance deficits and should therefore be analyzed with caution when used as a criterion for RTS after ACLR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, case control study.
BACKGROUND:Hop tests are frequently used to determine return to sports (RTS) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Given that bilateral deficits are present after ACLR, this may result in a falsely high limb symmetry index (LSI), since LSI is calculated as a ratio between the values of the limbs. HYPOTHESIS: Athletes after ACLR would achieve LSI>90% for the hop test. Secondly, athletes after ACLR demonstrate decreased jump distance on the single hop for distance (SLH) and triple leg hop for distance (TLH) and decreased number of hops for the side hop (SH) for both involved and uninvolved limbs compared to normative data of sex, age and type of sports matched healthy athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two patients (38 males mean age 23.9±3.5years; 14 females mean age 21.7±3.5 years) who had undergone an ACLR participated in this study. Patients performed the 3 hop tests at a mean time of 7 months after ACLR. Hop distance, number of side hops and LSI were compared with normative data of 188 healthy athletes. RESULTS: The differences between the involved limb and the uninvolved limb were significant in all hop tests (SLH P=0.003, TLH P=0.003, SH P=0.018). For females, only significant between limb differences were found in the SLH (P=0.049). For both the SLH and the TLH, significant differences were found between the involved limb and the normative data (males; SLH P<0.001, TLH P<0.001; females; SLH P<0.001, TLH P=0.006) and between the uninvolved limb and the normative data for both males and females (males; SLH P<0.001, TLH P<0.001; females; SLH P=0.003, TLH P=0.038). For the SH, only significant differences were found between the involved limb and the normative values in males (P=0.033). CONCLUSION: Athletes who have undergone an ACLR demonstrate bilateral deficits on hop tests in comparison to age and sex matched normative data of healthy controls. Using the LSI may underestimate performance deficits and should therefore be analyzed with caution when used as a criterion for RTS after ACLR. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, case control study.
Authors: Christopher Kuenze; Brian Pietrosimone; Caroline Lisee; Margaret Rutherford; Tom Birchmeier; Adam Lepley; Joseph Hart Journal: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Date: 2018-10-16 Impact factor: 4.342
Authors: Boyi Dai; Jacob S Layer; Nicole M Bordelon; Meghan L Critchley; Sydne E LaCroix; Ana C George; Ling Li; Jeremy D Ross; Megan A Jensen Journal: Res Sports Med Date: 2020-02-02 Impact factor: 4.674
Authors: Rodney Negrete; Samantha Simms; Jacob Gross; Lucas Nunes Rabello; Matt Hixon; Ibrahim M Zeini; Walter L Jenkins; George J Davies Journal: Int J Sports Phys Ther Date: 2021-06-01