Huangyu Jiang1, Jia Yu1, Haihui Zheng1, Jiamei Chen1, Jinjun Wu1, Xiaoxiao Qi1, Ying Wang1, Xinchun Wang2, Ming Hu1,3, Lijun Zhu4, Zhongqiu Liu5,6. 1. International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China. 2. First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832008, China. 3. Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA. 4. International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China. zhulijun@gzucm.edu.cn. 5. International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China. liuzq@gzucm.edu.cn. 6. State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China. liuzq@gzucm.edu.cn.
Abstract
PURPOSE: To determine the mechanism responsible for acacetin glucuronide transport and the bioavailability of acacetin. METHODS: Area under the curve (AUC), clearance (CL), half-life (T1/2) and other pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the pharmacokinetic model. The excretion of acacetin glucuronides was evaluated by the mouse intestinal perfusion model and the Caco-2 cell model. RESULTS: In pharmacokinetic studies, the bioavailability of acacetin in FVB mice was 1.3%. Acacetin was mostly exposed as acacetin glucuronides in plasma. AUC of acacetin-7-glucuronide (Aca-7-Glu) was 2-fold and 6-fold higher in Bcrp1 (-/-) mice and Mrp2 (-/-) mice, respectively. AUC of acacetin-5-glucuronide (Aca-5-Glu) was 2-fold higher in Bcrp1 (-/-) mice. In mouse intestinal perfusion, the excretion of Aca-7-Glu was decreased by 1-fold and 2-fold in Bcrp1 (-/-) and Mrp2 (-/-) mice, respectively. In Caco-2 cells, the efflux rates of Aca-7-Glu and Aca-5-Glu were significantly decreased by breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor Ko143 and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) inhibitor LTC4. The use of these inhibitors markedly increased the intracellular acacetin glucuronide content. CONCLUSIONS: BCRP and MRP2 regulated the in vivo disposition of acacetin glucuronides. The coupling of glucuronidation and efflux transport was probably the primary reason for the low bioavailability of acacetin.
PURPOSE: To determine the mechanism responsible for acacetin glucuronide transport and the bioavailability of acacetin. METHODS: Area under the curve (AUC), clearance (CL), half-life (T1/2) and other pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by the pharmacokinetic model. The excretion of acacetin glucuronides was evaluated by the mouse intestinal perfusion model and the Caco-2 cell model. RESULTS: In pharmacokinetic studies, the bioavailability of acacetin in FVB mice was 1.3%. Acacetin was mostly exposed as acacetin glucuronides in plasma. AUC of acacetin-7-glucuronide (Aca-7-Glu) was 2-fold and 6-fold higher in Bcrp1 (-/-) mice and Mrp2 (-/-) mice, respectively. AUC of acacetin-5-glucuronide (Aca-5-Glu) was 2-fold higher in Bcrp1 (-/-) mice. In mouse intestinal perfusion, the excretion of Aca-7-Glu was decreased by 1-fold and 2-fold in Bcrp1 (-/-) and Mrp2 (-/-) mice, respectively. In Caco-2 cells, the efflux rates of Aca-7-Glu and Aca-5-Glu were significantly decreased by breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor Ko143 and multidrug resistance protein 2 (MRP2) inhibitor LTC4. The use of these inhibitors markedly increased the intracellular acacetin glucuronide content. CONCLUSIONS:BCRP and MRP2 regulated the in vivo disposition of acacetin glucuronides. The coupling of glucuronidation and efflux transport was probably the primary reason for the low bioavailability of acacetin.
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