Aaron C Tan1, Amy B Heimberger2, Alexander M Menzies1,3,4, Nick Pavlakis1,3, Mustafa Khasraw5,6,7. 1. Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia. 2. University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX, USA. 3. The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. 4. Melanoma Institute Australia, Wollstonecraft, NSW, Australia. 5. Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia. mustafa.khasraw@sydney.edu.au. 6. The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. mustafa.khasraw@sydney.edu.au. 7. National Health and Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia. mustafa.khasraw@sydney.edu.au.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Metastasis of cancer to the brain typically portends a poor prognosis and often results in significant morbidity, including from the side effects of treatment. More effective therapies for patients with brain metastases are needed. The current treatment paradigm uses multiple modalities, including surgery, radiation, and in some contexts, systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly being used to treat extracranial disease, and their effectiveness in the management of brain metastases needs to be understood. RECENT FINDINGS: The evidence for immune checkpoint inhibitors in the management of brain metastases is largely limited to retrospective analyses of melanoma metastases and ipilimumab. Prospective clinical trials of more active agents are under way, and tentative results suggest activity. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have the potential to improve outcomes in patients with brain metastases. Results of current clinical trials will aid in determining the appropriate sequence or combination of local and systemic therapies.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Metastasis of cancer to the brain typically portends a poor prognosis and often results in significant morbidity, including from the side effects of treatment. More effective therapies for patients with brain metastases are needed. The current treatment paradigm uses multiple modalities, including surgery, radiation, and in some contexts, systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly being used to treat extracranial disease, and their effectiveness in the management of brain metastases needs to be understood. RECENT FINDINGS: The evidence for immune checkpoint inhibitors in the management of brain metastases is largely limited to retrospective analyses of melanoma metastases and ipilimumab. Prospective clinical trials of more active agents are under way, and tentative results suggest activity. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have the potential to improve outcomes in patients with brain metastases. Results of current clinical trials will aid in determining the appropriate sequence or combination of local and systemic therapies.
Authors: Stephanie Du Four; Sofie Wilgenhof; Johnny Duerinck; Alex Michotte; Anne Van Binst; Mark De Ridder; Bart Neyns Journal: Eur J Cancer Date: 2012-06-22 Impact factor: 9.162
Authors: Shirish M Gadgeel; Leena Gandhi; Gregory J Riely; Alberto A Chiappori; Howard L West; Michele C Azada; Peter N Morcos; Ruey-Min Lee; Linta Garcia; Li Yu; Frederic Boisserie; Laura Di Laurenzio; Sophie Golding; Jotaro Sato; Shumpei Yokoyama; Tomohiro Tanaka; Sai-Hong Ignatius Ou Journal: Lancet Oncol Date: 2014-08-18 Impact factor: 41.316
Authors: Taofeek K Owonikoko; Jack Arbiser; Amelia Zelnak; Hui-Kuo G Shu; Hyunsuk Shim; Adam M Robin; Steven N Kalkanis; Timothy G Whitsett; Bodour Salhia; Nhan L Tran; Timothy Ryken; Michael K Moore; Kathleen M Egan; Jeffrey J Olson Journal: Nat Rev Clin Oncol Date: 2014-02-25 Impact factor: 66.675
Authors: Georgina V Long; Uwe Trefzer; Michael A Davies; Richard F Kefford; Paolo A Ascierto; Paul B Chapman; Igor Puzanov; Axel Hauschild; Caroline Robert; Alain Algazi; Laurent Mortier; Hussein Tawbi; Tabea Wilhelm; Lisa Zimmer; Julie Switzky; Suzanne Swann; Anne-Marie Martin; Mary Guckert; Vicki Goodman; Michael Streit; John M Kirkwood; Dirk Schadendorf Journal: Lancet Oncol Date: 2012-10-08 Impact factor: 41.316
Authors: Reinhard Dummer; Simone M Goldinger; Christian P Turtschi; Nina B Eggmann; Olivier Michielin; Lada Mitchell; Luisa Veronese; Paul René Hilfiker; Lea Felderer; Jeannine D Rinderknecht Journal: Eur J Cancer Date: 2013-11-29 Impact factor: 9.162
Authors: Nadine Lüttmann; Victoria Grätz; Ozan Haase; Thomas Eckey; Ewan A Langan; Detlef Zillikens; Patrick Terheyden Journal: Melanoma Res Date: 2016-10 Impact factor: 3.599
Authors: Mark Owyong; Niloufar Hosseini-Nassab; Gizem Efe; Alexander Honkala; Renske J E van den Bijgaart; Vicki Plaks; Bryan Ronain Smith Journal: Drug Resist Updat Date: 2017-10-14 Impact factor: 18.500
Authors: Anna Maria Di Giacomo; Monica Valente; Alfonso Cerase; Maria Fortunata Lofiego; Francesca Piazzini; Luana Calabrò; Elisabetta Gambale; Alessia Covre; Michele Maio Journal: J Exp Clin Cancer Res Date: 2019-10-17