Dorairaj Prabhakaran1, Ambuj Roy2, Pradeep A Praveen3, Lakshmy Ramakrishnan4, Ruby Gupta5, Ritvik Amarchand6, Dimple Kondal7, Kalpana Singh7, Meenakshi Sharma8, Deepak Kumar Shukla8, Nikhil Tandon3, Kolli Srinath Reddy7, Anand Krishnan6. 1. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India. Electronic address: dprabhakaran@ccdcindia.org. 2. Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. 3. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. 4. Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. 5. Department of Biochemistry, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India. 6. Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. 7. Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, India. 8. Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization and the Government of India have set targets to reduce burden of noncommunicable diseases. Information on population level trend of risk factors would provide insights regarding the possibility of achieving them. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the population trends of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the National Capital Region of Delhi over 2 decades. METHODS: Two representative cross-sectional surveys were conducted among men and women ages 35 to 64 years, residing in the urban and rural areas (survey 1 [1991 to 1994] and survey 2 [2010 to 2012]) using similar methodology. The urban sample was collected from the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, and the rural sample was from the Ballabgarh block of the adjoining state of Haryana. A total of 3,048 and 2,052 subjects of urban areas and 2,487 and 1,917 subjects of rural areas were surveyed in surveys 1 and 2, respectively. Behavioral (smoking and alcohol use), physical (overweight, abdominal obesity, and raised blood pressure), and biochemical risk factors (raised fasting blood glucose and raised total cholesterol) were measured using standard tools. RESULTS: Urban and rural prevalence of overweight, alcohol use, raised blood pressure, and blood glucose increased with increases in age-standardized mean body mass index (urban: 24.4 to 26.0 kg/m2; rural: 20.2 to 23.0 kg/m2), systolic blood pressure (urban: 121.2 to 129.8 mm Hg; rural: 114.9 to 123.1 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (urban: 74.3 to 83.9 mm Hg; rural: 73.1 to 82.3 mm Hg), and fasting glucose (urban: 101.2 to 115.3 mg/dl; rural: 83.9 to 103.2 mg/dl). The smoking prevalence increased in the rural male population. Raised total cholesterol declined in urban and increased significantly in rural populations. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates an overall worsening of population levels of all cardiovascular disease risk factors in National Capital Region over past 20 years, though some signs of stabilization and reversal are seen in urban Delhi.
BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization and the Government of India have set targets to reduce burden of noncommunicable diseases. Information on population level trend of risk factors would provide insights regarding the possibility of achieving them. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the population trends of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the National Capital Region of Delhi over 2 decades. METHODS: Two representative cross-sectional surveys were conducted among men and women ages 35 to 64 years, residing in the urban and rural areas (survey 1 [1991 to 1994] and survey 2 [2010 to 2012]) using similar methodology. The urban sample was collected from the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, and the rural sample was from the Ballabgarh block of the adjoining state of Haryana. A total of 3,048 and 2,052 subjects of urban areas and 2,487 and 1,917 subjects of rural areas were surveyed in surveys 1 and 2, respectively. Behavioral (smoking and alcohol use), physical (overweight, abdominal obesity, and raised blood pressure), and biochemical risk factors (raised fasting blood glucose and raised total cholesterol) were measured using standard tools. RESULTS: Urban and rural prevalence of overweight, alcohol use, raised blood pressure, and blood glucose increased with increases in age-standardized mean body mass index (urban: 24.4 to 26.0 kg/m2; rural: 20.2 to 23.0 kg/m2), systolic blood pressure (urban: 121.2 to 129.8 mm Hg; rural: 114.9 to 123.1 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (urban: 74.3 to 83.9 mm Hg; rural: 73.1 to 82.3 mm Hg), and fasting glucose (urban: 101.2 to 115.3 mg/dl; rural: 83.9 to 103.2 mg/dl). The smoking prevalence increased in the rural male population. Raised total cholesterol declined in urban and increased significantly in rural populations. CONCLUSIONS: The study indicates an overall worsening of population levels of all cardiovascular disease risk factors in National Capital Region over past 20 years, though some signs of stabilization and reversal are seen in urban Delhi.
Authors: Rosa de Groot; Katja van den Hurk; Linda J Schoonmade; Wim L A M de Kort; Johannes Brug; Jeroen Lakerveld Journal: BMJ Glob Health Date: 2019-01-24
Authors: Priti Gupta; David Prieto-Merino; Vamadevan S Ajay; Kalpana Singh; Ambuj Roy; Anand Krishnan; K M Venkat Narayan; Mohammed K Ali; Nikhil Tandon; Dorairaj Prabhakaran; Pablo Perel Journal: Wellcome Open Res Date: 2019-12-02
Authors: Senthil K Vasan; Belavendra Antonisamy; Mahasampath Gowri; Hepsy Y Selliah; Finney S Geethanjali; Felix S Jebasingh; Thomas V Paul; Nihal Thomas; Fredrik Karpe; Matthew Johnson; Clive Osmond; Caroline H D Fall Journal: BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care Date: 2020-10