Y E M Dreissen1, T Boeree1, J H T M Koelman1, M A J Tijssen2. 1. Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2. Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: M.A.J.de.Koning-Tijssen@umcg.nl.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Exaggerated startle reactions have been frequently described in patients with functional movement disorders (FMD). Long onset latencies and inconsistent recruitment pattern are thought to be a hallmark in these patients. The auditory startle reflex has not been systematically assessed though. OBJECTIVES: Assessing the frequency and pattern of the early and late component of the auditory startle response in patients with functional jerky movement disorders. METHODS: A case-control design was used to study 17 patients with functional jerky movement disorders and 15 healthy gender- and age-matched control subjects. The auditory startle reflex was elicited by 108 dB loud tones and assessed with electromyography in multiple muscles. RESULTS: Response probability of the early and the late response were significantly enlarged in patients with FMD. The early response showed a normal muscle recruitment pattern whereas the late response revealed a more variable pattern compared to controls. The early and late responses showed normal habituation in both groups. Remarkably, a high response rate of the abdominal muscle was noted especially in patients suffering from abdominal jerks. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows enlarged, but normally patterned early startle responses in FMD. The high response frequency of the late responses found in these patients reflects a behavioral component. Hypersensitivity to external stimuli, often noted in FMD is supported by high response probabilities of both components of the auditory startle response.
BACKGROUND: Exaggerated startle reactions have been frequently described in patients with functional movement disorders (FMD). Long onset latencies and inconsistent recruitment pattern are thought to be a hallmark in these patients. The auditory startle reflex has not been systematically assessed though. OBJECTIVES: Assessing the frequency and pattern of the early and late component of the auditory startle response in patients with functional jerky movement disorders. METHODS: A case-control design was used to study 17 patients with functional jerky movement disorders and 15 healthy gender- and age-matched control subjects. The auditory startle reflex was elicited by 108 dB loud tones and assessed with electromyography in multiple muscles. RESULTS: Response probability of the early and the late response were significantly enlarged in patients with FMD. The early response showed a normal muscle recruitment pattern whereas the late response revealed a more variable pattern compared to controls. The early and late responses showed normal habituation in both groups. Remarkably, a high response rate of the abdominal muscle was noted especially in patients suffering from abdominal jerks. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows enlarged, but normally patterned early startle responses in FMD. The high response frequency of the late responses found in these patients reflects a behavioral component. Hypersensitivity to external stimuli, often noted in FMD is supported by high response probabilities of both components of the auditory startle response.