Rayan A Ahyad1,2, Christopher Z Lam1,2, Omid Shearkhani2, Oscar M Navarro3,4. 1. Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2. Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. 3. Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. oscar.navarro@sickkids.ca. 4. Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada. oscar.navarro@sickkids.ca.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: MR imaging is used to assess iron overload in patients with hemoglobinopathies and in those who have undergone multiple blood transfusions. Sometimes splenic nodules are found incidentally on these examinations and this may cause diagnostic uncertainty. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, imaging characteristics and evolution of splenic nodules found on MR imaging for iron overload evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of all MR imaging examinations performed for iron overload assessment from 2005 to 2015 in a tertiary pediatric hospital. The presence of focal splenic nodules including number, size, signal characteristics and changes on follow-up MR imaging were recorded. Relevant patient clinical information including underlying hematological disease was also documented. RESULTS: A total of 318 patients had MR imaging for iron overload assessment. Of these, 25 (8%) had at least one incidental splenic nodule. Sickle cell disease was present in 22 patients (88%) and thalassemia in 3 (12%). On intermediate-weighted spin-echo images, the nodules had high signal intensity compared to the remainder of the spleen in 23 patients (92%) and low signal intensity in the remaining 2 (8%). In all patients (100%) the nodules showed progressive loss of signal intensity with increasing echo time values. Follow-up MR imaging was performed in 20 (80%) patients, which showed an increase in the size of the splenic nodules in 7 patients (35%) stability in 11 (55%) and a decrease in size in 2 (10%). CONCLUSION: It is not uncommon to find splenic nodules during MR evaluation of iron overload. In patients with sickle cell disease, most of these nodules are thought to represent preserved splenic tissue and appear hyperintense compared to the remainder of the spleen. They frequently remain stable on follow-up imaging, although about a third of them may show growth. Awareness of these nodules is important to avoid concern for potential malignancy and unnecessary investigations.
BACKGROUND: MR imaging is used to assess iron overload in patients with hemoglobinopathies and in those who have undergone multiple blood transfusions. Sometimes splenic nodules are found incidentally on these examinations and this may cause diagnostic uncertainty. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, imaging characteristics and evolution of splenic nodules found on MR imaging for iron overload evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of all MR imaging examinations performed for iron overload assessment from 2005 to 2015 in a tertiary pediatric hospital. The presence of focal splenic nodules including number, size, signal characteristics and changes on follow-up MR imaging were recorded. Relevant patient clinical information including underlying hematological disease was also documented. RESULTS: A total of 318 patients had MR imaging for iron overload assessment. Of these, 25 (8%) had at least one incidental splenic nodule. Sickle cell disease was present in 22 patients (88%) and thalassemia in 3 (12%). On intermediate-weighted spin-echo images, the nodules had high signal intensity compared to the remainder of the spleen in 23 patients (92%) and low signal intensity in the remaining 2 (8%). In all patients (100%) the nodules showed progressive loss of signal intensity with increasing echo time values. Follow-up MR imaging was performed in 20 (80%) patients, which showed an increase in the size of the splenic nodules in 7 patients (35%) stability in 11 (55%) and a decrease in size in 2 (10%). CONCLUSION: It is not uncommon to find splenic nodules during MR evaluation of iron overload. In patients with sickle cell disease, most of these nodules are thought to represent preserved splenic tissue and appear hyperintense compared to the remainder of the spleen. They frequently remain stable on follow-up imaging, although about a third of them may show growth. Awareness of these nodules is important to avoid concern for potential malignancy and unnecessary investigations.
Entities:
Keywords:
Children; Hemoglobinopathy; Iron overload; Magnetic resonance imaging; Spleen
Authors: Dennis P O'Malley; Young S Kim; Sherrie L Perkins; LeeAnn Baldridge; Beth E Juliar; Attilio Orazi Journal: Mod Pathol Date: 2005-12 Impact factor: 7.842
Authors: Heather I Gale; Christopher A Bobbitt; Bindu N Setty; Philippa G Sprinz; Gheorghe Doros; Don D Williams; Trevor C Morrison; Tyler A Kalajian; Powen Tu; Shankar N Mundluru; Ilse Castro-Aragon Journal: J Ultrasound Med Date: 2016-06-27 Impact factor: 2.153