Stem cell-derived organoids and their application for medical research and patient treatment.

3D culture has allowed the initiation and expansion of organ-like structures, called organoids, from either tissue-resident adult stem cells or pluripotent stem cells. Today, organoids can be grown to resemble a wide variety of organs, exhibiting remarkable similarity to their in vivo counterparts. As successful organoid generation is possible from virtually every patient, organoids hold a great promise for medical research and the development of new treatments. They have already found their way into the clinic, enabling personalized medicine in small patient trials. In this review, we provide an update on current organoid technology and summarize their application in basic research, disease modelling, drug development, personalized treatment and regenerative medicine.