Mayowa Owolabi1, Fred Sarfo1, Virginia J Howard1, Marguerite R Irvin1, Mulugeta Gebregziabher1, Rufus Akinyemi1, Aleena Bennett1, Kevin Armstrong1, Hemant K Tiwari1, Albert Akpalu1, Kolawole W Wahab1, Lukman Owolabi1, Bimbo Fawale1, Morenikeji Komolafe1, Reginald Obiako1, Philip Adebayo1, Jennifer M Manly1, Godwin Ogbole1, Ezinne Melikam1, Ruth Laryea1, Raelle Saulson1, Carolyn Jenkins1, Donna K Arnett1, Daniel T Lackland1, Bruce Ovbiagele2, George Howard1. 1. From the Department of Medicine (M.O., E.M.) and Department of Radiology (G.O.), University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.J.H., M.R.I.) and Department of Biostatistics (A.B., H.K.T., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Public Health Sciences (M.G.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences (K.A.), Department of Neurology (R.S., D.T.L., B.O.), and Department of Nursing (C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana, Accra (A.A., R.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria (K.W.W.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (L.O.); Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria (B.F., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O.); Department of Internal Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria (P.A.); Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York (J.M.M.); and College of Public Health, University of Kentucky at Lexington (D.K.A.). 2. From the Department of Medicine (M.O., E.M.) and Department of Radiology (G.O.), University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana (F.S.); Department of Epidemiology (V.J.H., M.R.I.) and Department of Biostatistics (A.B., H.K.T., G.H.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Department of Public Health Sciences (M.G.), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences (K.A.), Department of Neurology (R.S., D.T.L., B.O.), and Department of Nursing (C.J.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, Nigeria (R.A.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana, Accra (A.A., R.L.); Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin, Nigeria (K.W.W.); Department of Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (L.O.); Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria (B.F., M.K.); Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria (R.O.); Department of Internal Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria (P.A.); Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York (J.M.M.); and College of Public Health, University of Kentucky at Lexington (D.K.A.). ovibes@musc.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The relative contributions of racial and geographic factors to higher risk of stroke in people of African ancestry have not been unraveled. We compared stroke type and contributions of vascular risk factors among indigenous Africans (IA), African Americans (AA), and European Americans (EA). METHODS: SIREN (Stroke Investigative Research and Educational Network) is a large multinational case-control study in West Africa-the ancestral home of 71% AA-whereas REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) is a cohort study including AA and EA in the United States. Using harmonized assessments and standard definitions, we compared data on stroke type and established risk factors for stroke in acute stroke cases aged ≥55 years in both studies. RESULTS: There were 811 IA, 452 AA, and 665 EA stroke subjects, with mean age of 68.0±9.3, 73.0±8.3, and 76.0±8.3 years, respectively (P<0.0001). Hemorrhagic stroke was more frequent among IA (27%) compared with AA (8%) and EA (5.4%; P<0.001). Lacunar strokes were more prevalent in IA (47.1%), followed by AA (35.1%) and then EA (21.0%; P<0.0001). The frequency of hypertension in decreasing order was IA (92.8%), followed by AA (82.5%) and then EA (64.2%; P<0.0001) and similarly for diabetes mellitus IA (38.3%), AA (36.8%), and EA (21.0%; P<0.0001). Premorbid sedentary lifestyle was similar in AA (37.7%) and EA (34.0%) but lower frequency in IA (8.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Environmental risk factors such as sedentary lifestyle may contribute to the higher proportion of ischemic stroke in AA compared with IA, whereas racial factors may contribute to the higher proportion of hypertension and diabetes mellitus among stroke subjects of African ancestry.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The relative contributions of racial and geographic factors to higher risk of stroke in people of African ancestry have not been unraveled. We compared stroke type and contributions of vascular risk factors among indigenous Africans (IA), African Americans (AA), and European Americans (EA). METHODS: SIREN (Stroke Investigative Research and Educational Network) is a large multinational case-control study in West Africa-the ancestral home of 71% AA-whereas REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) is a cohort study including AA and EA in the United States. Using harmonized assessments and standard definitions, we compared data on stroke type and established risk factors for stroke in acute stroke cases aged ≥55 years in both studies. RESULTS: There were 811 IA, 452 AA, and 665 EA stroke subjects, with mean age of 68.0±9.3, 73.0±8.3, and 76.0±8.3 years, respectively (P<0.0001). Hemorrhagic stroke was more frequent among IA (27%) compared with AA (8%) and EA (5.4%; P<0.001). Lacunar strokes were more prevalent in IA (47.1%), followed by AA (35.1%) and then EA (21.0%; P<0.0001). The frequency of hypertension in decreasing order was IA (92.8%), followed by AA (82.5%) and then EA (64.2%; P<0.0001) and similarly for diabetes mellitus IA (38.3%), AA (36.8%), and EA (21.0%; P<0.0001). Premorbid sedentary lifestyle was similar in AA (37.7%) and EA (34.0%) but lower frequency in IA (8.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Environmental risk factors such as sedentary lifestyle may contribute to the higher proportion of ischemic stroke in AA compared with IA, whereas racial factors may contribute to the higher proportion of hypertension and diabetes mellitus among stroke subjects of African ancestry.
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