Efficient removal of lead from solution by celery-derived biochars rich in alkaline minerals.

Biochars were produced from celery biomass by slow pyrolysis at 350 and 500°C, and featured by high content of alkaline minerals namely salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals. The biochars' efficiency on removing Pb2+ from solution was investigated, and two biochars derived from celery stalk (StC350 and StC500) showed higher Pb2+ sorption capacity (288 and 304mg/g) than most biochars reported previously. The sorption mechanisms involving precipitation, cation exchange and surface complexation are related to three biochar fractions namely water-soluble matter, acid-soluble substances and insoluble organic carbon. The relative contributions of water-soluble matter and acid-soluble substances to the total Pb2+ removal were 59.8% and 36.6% for the StC350 biochar, and 62.8% and 34.9% for the StC500 biochar, respectively. The results indicate that biochars derived from vegetable wastes are potential candidates for efficient sorption of heavy metals.