Sebastian Cotofana1,2, Asima Mian1,2, Jonathan M Sykes1,2, Wolfgang Redka-Swoboda1,2, Andrea Ladinger1,2, Tatjana Pavicic1,2, Thilo L Schenck1,2, Fahd Benslimane1,2, Fabio Ingallina1,2, Alexander Schlattau1,2. 1. Roseau, Commonwealth of Dominica, West Indies; Salzburg, Austria; Sacramento, Calif.; Munich, Germany; Casablanca, Morocco; and Catania, Italy. 2. From the Department of Anatomy, Ross University School of Medicine; the Institute of Anatomy and the Department of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg & Nuremberg; Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center; FaceSthetics, private practice, and the Department of Hand, Plastic, and Aesthetic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University; Clinique Benslimane; and Clinica Di Stefano Velona.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The forehead is one of the most frequent locations for neuromodulator and soft tissue filler applications; however, the underlying anatomy is still poorly understood. Thus far, the presence of deep forehead compartments has not been confirmed. METHODS: Twenty Caucasian cephalic specimens, 15 fresh frozen (six female and nine male) and five with formalin-phenol embalmment (three female and two male) were investigated using contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scans, dye injections, and anatomical dissections. RESULTS: Three superficial (one central and two lateral) and three deep (one central and two lateral) forehead compartments were identified. The superficial fat compartments were found within the subcutaneous fat tissue (layer 2) and measured 2.1 × 4.6 mm for the superficial central forehead compartments and the right superficial lateral forehead compartments and 2.6 × 3.2 cm for the left superficial lateral forehead compartments, with a mean volume of 2.5, 3.1, and 3.4 cc, respectively. The deep fat compartments were identified deep to the frontalis muscle but superficial to the periosteum with an extent of 6.4 × 5.9 cm for the deep central forehead compartments, 2.6 × 5.8 cm for the right deep lateral forehead compartments, and 2.7 × 5.8 cm for the left deep lateral forehead compartments, and a mean volume of 9.1, 1.6, and 1.4 cc, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented in this study increase the understanding of the forehead anatomy. Understanding the presence of the superficial and the deep forehead compartments allows one to change the signs of frontal aging. The deep forehead compartments are in general avascular planes and permit blunt dissection for access to the supraorbital region.
BACKGROUND: The forehead is one of the most frequent locations for neuromodulator and soft tissue filler applications; however, the underlying anatomy is still poorly understood. Thus far, the presence of deep forehead compartments has not been confirmed. METHODS: Twenty Caucasian cephalic specimens, 15 fresh frozen (six female and nine male) and five with formalin-phenol embalmment (three female and two male) were investigated using contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scans, dye injections, and anatomical dissections. RESULTS: Three superficial (one central and two lateral) and three deep (one central and two lateral) forehead compartments were identified. The superficial fat compartments were found within the subcutaneous fat tissue (layer 2) and measured 2.1 × 4.6 mm for the superficial central forehead compartments and the right superficial lateral forehead compartments and 2.6 × 3.2 cm for the left superficial lateral forehead compartments, with a mean volume of 2.5, 3.1, and 3.4 cc, respectively. The deep fat compartments were identified deep to the frontalis muscle but superficial to the periosteum with an extent of 6.4 × 5.9 cm for the deep central forehead compartments, 2.6 × 5.8 cm for the right deep lateral forehead compartments, and 2.7 × 5.8 cm for the left deep lateral forehead compartments, and a mean volume of 9.1, 1.6, and 1.4 cc, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results presented in this study increase the understanding of the forehead anatomy. Understanding the presence of the superficial and the deep forehead compartments allows one to change the signs of frontal aging. The deep forehead compartments are in general avascular planes and permit blunt dissection for access to the supraorbital region.
Authors: Jana Velemínská; Nikola Fleischmannová; Barbora Suchá; Jan Dupej; Šárka Bejdová; Anežka Kotěrová; Jaroslav Brůžek Journal: Int J Legal Med Date: 2021-03-01 Impact factor: 2.686
Authors: Jani van Loghem; Sonja Sattler; Gabriela Casabona; Sebastian Cotofana; Sabrina Guillen Fabi; Kate Goldie; Uliana Gout; Martina Kerscher; Ting Song Lim; Carla de Sanctis Pecora; Gerhard Sattler; Ada Trindade de Almeida; Rungsima Wanitphakdeedecha; Philip Werschler; Tatjana Pavicic Journal: Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol Date: 2021-09-08
Authors: Jani van Loghem; David Funt; Tatjana Pavicic; Kate Goldie; Yana Yutskovskaya; Sabrina Fabi; Pieter Siebenga; Job Thuis; Joseph Hkeik; Jonathan Kadouch; Welf Prager; Nabila Azib; Gabriela Casabona; Steve Dayan; Shino Bay Aguilera; Philippe Snozzi; Peerooz Saeed Journal: J Cosmet Dermatol Date: 2020-03-17 Impact factor: 2.696