PPAR-α agonists are still on the rise: an update on clinical and experimental findings.

INTRODUCTION: Non-fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) and remnant cholesterol levels, cholesterol content of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, have been suggested to be an additional cause of cardiovascular diseases; thus, pharmacological TG-lowering with fibrates, activators of PPAR-alpha system, has been linked to risk reduction. Areas covered: This manuscript reviews available evidence on clinical trials involving highly selective PPAR-α agonists (i.e., pemafibrate) and drugs used in the pre-clinical and experimental setting (e.g., WY14,643). Original publications in English were selected, as well as Abstracts of international meetings' presentations. Clinical trials were identified using the clinicaltrial.gov database and the EU Clinical Trials Register (clinicaltrialsregister.eu). Expert opinion: In addition to the aim of improving lipid profile with fibrates, the interest in new PPAR-α activators stems from the need to overcome some of the clinical problems encountered with dose-dependent adverse events; a rise of plasma creatinine, gallstone formation, drug-drug interactions (i.e. gemfibrozil), and myopathy. New PPAR-α agonists improved TG and HDL-C levels as well as other parameters related to TG metabolism (remnant cholesterol and apoB), without raising liver enzymes. Although the use of fibrates is rated 'second choice' by many clinicians, new PPAR-α agonists may offer a more accessible route to the management of hypertriglyceridemia, a frequent clinical condition.