Shogo Matsui1, Masato Kajikawa2, Tatsuya Maruhashi1, Yumiko Iwamoto1, Akimichi Iwamoto1, Nozomu Oda1, Shinji Kishimoto1, Takayuki Hidaka1, Yasuki Kihara1, Kazuaki Chayama3, Chikara Goto4, Yoshiki Aibara5, Ayumu Nakashima5, Kensuke Noma6, Akira Taguchi7, Yukihito Higashi8. 1. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan. 2. Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan. 3. Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan. 4. Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan. 5. Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. 6. Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. 7. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan. 8. Division of Regeneration and Medicine, Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. Electronic address: yhigashi@hiroshima-u.ac.jp.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is associated with endothelial dysfunction, leading to cardiovascular disease. The effect of detailed tooth brushing behavior, not only frequency but also duration of tooth brushing, on endothelial function is unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships of detailed methods of tooth brushing with vascular function. METHODS: We evaluated flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation, and frequency and duration of tooth brushing in 896 subjects. We divided the subjects into three groups according to the frequency and duration of tooth brushing: low frequency and short duration group (<twice/day and <2min/procedure), low frequency or short duration group (<twice/day or <2min/procedure), non-low frequency and non-short duration group (≥twice/day and ≥2min/procedure). RESULTS: FMD in the low frequency and short duration group was significantly lower than FMD in the low frequency or short duration group and FMD in the non-low frequency and non-short duration group [3.1 (2.7)% vs. 4.2 (3.1)% and 4.7 (3.1)%, P=0.001 and <0.001, respectively]. Nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation was similar in the three groups. Using the non-low frequency and non-short duration group as the reference, the low frequency and short duration of tooth brushing group was significantly associated with an increased odds ratio of a low FMD tertile after adjustment for conventional risk factors (OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.39-3.59; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that low frequency and short duration of tooth brushing are associated with endothelial dysfunction. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: URL for clinical trial: http://UMIN; registration number for clinical trial: UMIN000003409.
BACKGROUND: Periodontal disease is associated with endothelial dysfunction, leading to cardiovascular disease. The effect of detailed tooth brushing behavior, not only frequency but also duration of tooth brushing, on endothelial function is unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships of detailed methods of tooth brushing with vascular function. METHODS: We evaluated flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation, and frequency and duration of tooth brushing in 896 subjects. We divided the subjects into three groups according to the frequency and duration of tooth brushing: low frequency and short duration group (<twice/day and <2min/procedure), low frequency or short duration group (<twice/day or <2min/procedure), non-low frequency and non-short duration group (≥twice/day and ≥2min/procedure). RESULTS:FMD in the low frequency and short duration group was significantly lower than FMD in the low frequency or short duration group and FMD in the non-low frequency and non-short duration group [3.1 (2.7)% vs. 4.2 (3.1)% and 4.7 (3.1)%, P=0.001 and <0.001, respectively]. Nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation was similar in the three groups. Using the non-low frequency and non-short duration group as the reference, the low frequency and short duration of tooth brushing group was significantly associated with an increased odds ratio of a low FMD tertile after adjustment for conventional risk factors (OR: 2.25, 95% CI: 1.39-3.59; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that low frequency and short duration of tooth brushing are associated with endothelial dysfunction. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: URL for clinical trial: http://UMIN; registration number for clinical trial: UMIN000003409.