[Etiology and pathogenesis of primary hyperparathyroidism.]

Primary hyperparathyroidism(pHPT)is a frequent endocrine disease in which abnormal calcium(Ca)regulation leads to hypercalcemia. The most frequent cause of pHPT in more than 80% of patients is an adenoma, followed by hyperplasia in about 15%, and cancer in 1~5%. Although most cases of pHPT are sporadic, a few are familial(hereditary), and this is known as familial hyperparathyroidism(FHPT). Gene abnormalities that affect cyclin D1 signaling(CCND1, CDC73, CDKN1B), Wnt/β-catenin signaling(MEN1), and calcium-sensing receptor signaling(CaSR, GNA11, AP2S1)play a role in the etiology and pathogenesis of pHPT. Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency and CaSR dysfunction also play a role in pHPT severity. Continued elucidation of the etiology and pathogenesis of pHPT may lead to development of new treatments for pHPT as well as further understanding of Ca regulation.