Ultrasound guidance for difficult lumbar puncture in children: pearls and pitfalls.

Pediatric lumbar puncture can be challenging or unsuccessful for several reasons. At the same time, the excellent sonographic window into the pediatric spine provides a distinct opportunity for ultrasound-guided lumbar puncture. Minimal cerebrospinal fluid and thecal displacement by subdural or epidural hematomas are common after failed clinical attempts. Ultrasound is useful for determining a safe infraconal level for subarachnoid access. Real-time guidance increases not only the success rate but also the safety of diagnostic lumbar puncture and injections for chemotherapy and myelography. In this article, we discuss clinical and technical factors for ultrasound-guided pediatric lumbar puncture.