On Social and Political Effects of Plant Pest and Disease Epidemics.

Selected historical pest and disease outbreaks in the Old World are discussed in view of their social and political consequences. Large-scale epidemics always caused social unrest, and often hunger, pestilence, and death. When coming on top of deeply rooted and widely spread social unrest such epidemics contributed to political change. Examples are the revolts following epidemics in 1789 and 1846. Epidemics, regardless of causal and target organisms, have elements in common. The notion of a common concept grew into a firmly established discipline: epidemiology.