Nicolas Glatz1, Aline Chappuis2, David Conen3, Paul Erne4, Antoinette Péchère-Bertschi5, Idris Guessous6, Valentina Forni1, Luca Gabutti7, Franco Muggli8, Augusto Gallino9, Daniel Hayoz10, Isabelle Binet11, Paolo Suter12, Fred Paccaud2, Murielle Bochud2, Michel Burnier1. 1. Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland. 2. Community Prevention Unit, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland. 3. Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland. 4. Hypertension Centre, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland. 5. Unit of Hypertension, Departments of Specialties of Medicine and Community Medicine and Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland. 6. Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland. 7. Division of Nephrology, Ospedale Carità, Locarno, Switzerland. 8. Praxis für Innere Medizin, Vezia, Switzerland. 9. Cardiology Deptartment, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland. 10. Department of Internal Medicine and Angiology, Hôpital Cantonal de Fribourg, Switzerland. 11. Nephrology/Transplantation Medicine, Kantonsspital, St Gallen, Switzerland. 12. Clinic and Policlinic of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nutritional factors play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and in the development of hypertension. In this analysis, we explored the associations of 24-hour urinary Na+, K+ and urea excretion with blood pressure levels and the risk of hypertension in the Swiss population, taking regional linguistic differences into account. METHODS: The Swiss Survey on Salt is a population based cross-sectional study that included 1336 subjects from the three main linguistic regions (French, German and Italian) of Switzerland. Blood pressure was measured with a validated oscillometric Omron HEM 907 device. Hypertension was defined as current antihypertensive treatment or a mean systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg and/or diastolic >90 mm Hg, based on eight blood pressure measurements performed at two visits. Na+, K+ and urea excretion were assessed in 24-hour urine collections. We use multiple logistic/linear regressions to explore the associations of urine Na+, K+ and urea with blood pressure / hypertension, taking into account potential confounders and effect modifiers. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 30%, 26% and 17% in the German-, French- and Italian- speaking regions respectively, (p-value across regions <0.001). In the Swiss adult population, besides age, sex, and body mass index, urinary Na+ excretion was positively associated with systolic blood pressure and hypertension. Urinary K+ excretion tended to be negatively associated with blood pressure but this was not significant (p = 0.08). Hypertensive people had a higher 24-hour urinary Na+/K+ ratio than normotensive people (p = 0.003). Urinary urea excretion was associated with neither blood pressure nor hypertension. Participants from the German-speaking region had a higher likelihood of having a high systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm a high prevalence of elevated blood pressure in Swiss adults, including regional differences. In Switzerland, urinary Na+ excretion is associated positively with blood pressure and hypertension, independently of urinary K+ and urea excretion. The observed differences in blood pressure levels across linguistic regions are independent of the urinary Na+, K+ and urea excretion.
BACKGROUND: Nutritional factors play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure and in the development of hypertension. In this analysis, we explored the associations of 24-hour urinary Na+, K+ and urea excretion with blood pressure levels and the risk of hypertension in the Swiss population, taking regional linguistic differences into account. METHODS: The Swiss Survey on Salt is a population based cross-sectional study that included 1336 subjects from the three main linguistic regions (French, German and Italian) of Switzerland. Blood pressure was measured with a validated oscillometric Omron HEM 907 device. Hypertension was defined as current antihypertensive treatment or a mean systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg and/or diastolic >90 mm Hg, based on eight blood pressure measurements performed at two visits. Na+, K+ and urea excretion were assessed in 24-hour urine collections. We use multiple logistic/linear regressions to explore the associations of urine Na+, K+ and urea with blood pressure / hypertension, taking into account potential confounders and effect modifiers. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 30%, 26% and 17% in the German-, French- and Italian- speaking regions respectively, (p-value across regions <0.001). In the Swiss adult population, besides age, sex, and body mass index, urinary Na+ excretion was positively associated with systolic blood pressure and hypertension. Urinary K+ excretion tended to be negatively associated with blood pressure but this was not significant (p = 0.08). Hypertensivepeople had a higher 24-hour urinary Na+/K+ ratio than normotensive people (p = 0.003). Urinary urea excretion was associated with neither blood pressure nor hypertension. Participants from the German-speaking region had a higher likelihood of having a high systolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm a high prevalence of elevated blood pressure in Swiss adults, including regional differences. In Switzerland, urinary Na+ excretion is associated positively with blood pressure and hypertension, independently of urinary K+ and urea excretion. The observed differences in blood pressure levels across linguistic regions are independent of the urinary Na+, K+ and urea excretion.
Authors: Matthias B Moor; Nasser A Dhayat; Simeon Schietzel; Michael Grössl; Bruno Vogt; Daniel G Fuster Journal: Urolithiasis Date: 2022-02-24 Impact factor: 2.861
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