Evaluation of the 2015 AGA guidelines on pancreatic cystic neoplasms in a large surgically confirmed multicenter cohort.

Background and study aims The American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) recently published guidelines for the management of asymptomatic pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs). We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic characteristics of the AGA guidelines in appropriately recommending surgery for malignant PCNs. Patients and methods A retrospective multicenter study was performed of patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for evaluation of PCNs who ultimately underwent surgical resection from 2004 - 2014. Demographics, EUS characteristics, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) results, type of resection, and final pathologic diagnosis were recorded. Patients were categorized into 2 groups (surgery or surveillance) based on what the AGA guidelines would have recommended. Performance characteristics for the diagnosis of cancer or high-grade dysplasia (HGD) on surgical pathology were calculated. Results Three hundred patients underwent surgical resection for PCNs, of whom the AGA guidelines would have recommended surgery in 121 (40.3 %) and surveillance in 179 (59.7 %) patients. Among patients recommended for surgery, 45 (37.2 %) had cancer, whereas 76 (62.8 %) had no cancer/HGD. Among patients recommended for surveillance, 170 (95.0 %) had no cancer/HGD; however, 9 (5.0 %) patients had cancer that would have been missed. For the finding of cancer/HGD on surgical pathology, the AGA guidelines had 83.3 % sensitivity (95 % CI 70.7 - 92.1), 69.1 % specificity (95 % CI 62.9 - 74.8), 37.2 % positive predictive value (95 % CI 28.6 - 46.4), 95.0 % negative predictive value (95 % CI 90.7 - 97.7), and 71.7 % accuracy (95 % CI 67.4 - 74.6). Conclusions The 2015 AGA guidelines would have resulted in 60 % fewer patients being referred for surgical resection, and accurately recommended surveillance in 95 % of patients with asymptomatic PCNs. Future prospective studies are required to validate these guidelines. Meeting presentations: Presented in part at Digestive Diseases Week 2016.

Introduction

Pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) represent a heterogeneous group of lesions with varying malignant potential. There is significant variation in the reported prevalence of PCNs, ranging from < 1 % to 24.3 %, however, they are increasingly being incidentally detected due to widespread use of cross-sectional imaging including computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1 2.

PCNs present a significant management dilemma. Certain lesions such as serous cystadenomas (SCAs) exhibit very low malignant potential. On the other hand, mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs), and main-duct IPMNs are reported to harbor malignant potential of 10 % to 20 %, 15 % to 25 %, and 40 % to 50 %, respectively 3 4 5. Although surgical resection is curative in the absence of invasive carcinoma, surgery can also be associated with significant morbidity and potential mortality 6.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is increasingly utilized due to its ability to provide valuable information in differentiating mucinous from non-mucinous PCNs and identify malignant cysts 7. Certain EUS features have been shown to correlate with malignant potential, such as presence of a solid component or mural nodule, thickened cyst walls, and a dilated main pancreatic duct 8. EUS also allows for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for cyst fluid analysis and cytology, the latter of which can be highly specific for detection of malignancy 9. Various studies have also evaluated the utility of cyst fluid tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in diagnosis of mucinous or pre-malignant cysts 9.

However, despite these apparent advantages, EUS morphology, cyst fluid analysis, and cytologic analysis are each insufficient alone to diagnose potentially malignant lesions 9 10 11 12. Multiple novel biomarkers have been evaluated such as micro-RNA as well as somatic mutations in the GNAS and KRAS genes and appear promising in accurate detection of potentially malignant lesions; however, these tests have yet to be fully validated for routine clinical use 13 14. Due to the uncertainties regarding the management of PCNs, multiple consensus guidelines have been developed, including the Sendai guidelines in 2006, Fukuoka guidelines in 2012, and European guidelines in 2013 15 16 17. While these guidelines have been validated in various studies 18 19 20, application of these guidelines has been shown to result in unnecessary surgery for many benign low-risk cysts, while missing other cysts with high-grade dysplasia or associated invasive cancer 19 21 22 23 24.

Recently, the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) published guidelines for the management of asymptomatic PCNs 25 26. The 2015 AGA guidelines call for a much less aggressive surveillance regimen than the Sendai and Fukuoka guidelines (Table 1). In this study, we seek to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the AGA guidelines for identification of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or cancer in patients with PCNs who had previously undergone EUS with or without FNA followed by surgical resection.

Comparison of Sendai (2006), Fukuoka (2012), and AGA (2015) guidelines on management of pancreatic cystic neoplasms.

Issues	2006 Sendai guidelines	2012 Fukuoka guidelines	2015 AGA guidelines
Surveillance	Cyst < 1cm: MRI annually	Cyst > 3 cm without high-risk stigmata1 or	Less than 2 high-risk features2: repeat MRI
	Cyst 1 – 2 cm without high-risk stigmata3: surveillance every 6 – 12 months	worrisome features4: alternate EUS with MRI every 3 – 6 months	in 1 year, then every 2 years until year 5, then stop surveillance
	Cyst 2 – 3 cm without high-risk stigmata3: surveillance every 3 – 6 months	Cyst 2 – 3 cm without high-risk stigmata1 or worrisome features4: EUS in 3 – 6 months then lengthen interval and alternate with MRI	Two or more high-risk features2: EUS-FNA, if negative, then repeat MRI in 1 year, then every 2 years until year 5, then stop surveillance
		Cyst 1 – 2 cm without high-risk stigmata1 or worrisome features4: CT/MRI yearly for 2 years, then lengthen interval if no change	Discontinue surveillance when patient is no longer a surgical candidate
		Cyst < 1cm: CT/MRI in 2 – 3 years
Surgical referral	Cyst > 3 cm	Any high-risk stigmata1	At least 2 high-risk features2 confirmed by EUS-FNA, or concerning cytology
	Cyst 1 – 3 cm with any high-risk stigmata3	Worrisome features3 on EUS
		Cyst > 3 cm in young/fit patients
		Cyst 2 – 3 cm in young/fit patients
Main duct IPMN	Surgical resection	Surgical resection	Not evaluated
Postoperative surveillance	No cancer: no surveillance	MCN: no surveillance	No cancer or HGD: no surveillance
	Cancer: MRI or CT every 6 months	IPMN with positive margins: MRI every 6 months	Cancer or HGD: MRI every 2 years
		IPMN with negative margins: MRI at 2 and 5 years

AGA, American Gastroenterological Association; CT, computed tomography; EUS-FNA, endoscopic ultrasonography with fine-needle aspiration; HGD, high-grade dysplasia; IPMN, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging

High-risk stigmata (Fukuoka 2012): obstructive jaundice, solid component, dilated main pancreatic duct ≥ 10 mm

High-risk features (AGA 2015): cyst ≥ 3 cm, solid component, dilated main pancreatic duct

High-risk stigmata (Sendai 2006): mural nodules, dilated main pancreatic duct, positive cytology

Worrisome features (Fukuoka 2012): pancreatitis, cyst ≥ 3 cm, thickened cyst wall, main pancreatic duct 5 – 9 mm, nonenhancing mural nodule, abrupt change in caliber of pancreatic duct with distal pancreatic atrophy

Patients and methods

Participating centers

We performed a retrospective cohort study at four academic tertiary care referral centers with extensive pancreatic surgical experience and interest in pancreatic cystic neoplasms. These include the Ronald Reagan University of California Los Angeles Medical Center (Los Angeles, CA), the Barnes-Jewish Hospital at Washington University in St. Louis (St. Louis, MO), the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center (Aurora, CO), and Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago, IL). Institutional Review Board approval was obtained at each institution.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

We included all patients who were evaluated for a PCN with EUS with or without FNA from 2004 – 2014 who subsequently underwent surgical resection. Prior to 2006, participating institutions referred patients to surgery based on interpretation of cross-sectional imaging, EUS morphologic characteristics, and cyst fluid analysis. Each of the participating centers subsequently incorporated the Sendai guidelines from 2006 – 2012, and the Fukuoka guidelines from 2012 until the time of this study analysis.

We excluded patients with PCNs who were referred directly to surgery without undergoing EUS; patients who underwent surgery for non-neoplastic pancreatic cysts such as pseudocysts; patients who underwent surgery for cystic lesions that were specifically not evaluated in the AGA guidelines such as main duct IPMNs, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, cystic neuroendocrine tumors, and cystic degeneration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas; and patients who underwent serial surveillance with EUS or cross-sectional imaging who did not ultimately undergo surgery. Finally, patients were excluded if data could not be accurately obtained from review of their records.

Demographics and clinical history

For all patients meeting inclusion criteria, electronic medical records were reviewed. EUS was performed according to the current standard of care by experienced endosonographers. FNA samples were obtained using a variety of endoscopic needles at the discretion of the endosonographer. Surgical data were collected by review of operative reports. FNA and surgical pathology data were obtained by review of the final pathology reports generated by a gastrointestinal pathologist.

Data collected included basic demographics including age and sex, presence of high-risk features on EUS as defined by the AGA guidelines (cyst size ≥ 3 cm, presence of solid cyst component, dilated main pancreatic duct), FNA cytology results including mucin or cellular atypia, type of surgical resection, and final diagnosis on surgical pathology. While the AGA guidelines do not explicitly define “dilated main pancreatic duct,” for the purposes of this study we utilized a cut-off of ≥ 5 mm, as used to define “worrisome feature” in the Fukuoka guidelines 16. Cytology specimens were considered “concerning” if there was evidence of cytologic atypia, high-grade dysplasia, or adenocarcinoma.

Study outcomes and statistical analysis

Patients were categorized into 2 groups (surgery or surveillance) based on what the AGA guidelines would have recommended. Our aim was to evaluate performance characteristics of the AGA guidelines for identification of PCN with HGD or cancer.

At each of the participating centers, data from electronic medical records were entered into a password-protected, de-identified Microsoft Access database (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA). The databases were transferred to a centralized location where the data were merged, compared, and reconciled for accuracy. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the demographics of our population. Continuous data were summarized using means and standard deviation, and nominal data were summarized using counts and percentages. We subsequently calculated performance characteristics of the AGA guidelines for the finding of cancer or high-grade dysplasia on surgical pathology, including sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios.

Results

A flow chart depicting our results and major findings is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Flowchart of patient selection and major study results.

Patient characteristics

A total of 3112 patients underwent EUS for evaluation of a PCN during the study period, of whom 300 patients were identified as having undergone surgical resection for PCNs relevant to the AGA guidelines. Patient demographics are shown in Table 2. Among the 300 patients who underwent surgical resection, the average age was 65.2 years and 62.3 % were female.

Demographics.

		Incidence (n, %)
Demographics	Total patients	300
	Age (years, mean ± SD)	62.6 ± 13.8
Gender	Male	113 (37.7)
	Female	187 (62.3)
Surgery	Whipple	127 (42.5)
	Distal pancreatectomy	154 (51.5)
	Middle pancreatectomy	9 (3.0)
	Total pancreatectomy	8 (2.7)
	Exploratory Llparotomy	1 (0.3)
Cyst findings	IPMN without cancer	147 (49.0)
	IPMN with cancer	49 (16.3)
	IPMN with high-grade dysplasia (carcinoma-in-situ)	2 (0.7)
	MCN without cancer	60 (20.0)
	MCN with cancer	3 (1.0)
	SCA without cancer	39 (13.0)
	SCA with cancer	0 (0.0)
Cancer	Total cancer	54 (18.0)
	IPMN with adenocarcinoma	49 (90.7)
	IPMN with high grade dysplasia	2 (3.7)
	MCN with adenocarcinoma	3 (5.6)

IPMN, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; MCN, mucinous cystic neoplasm; SCA, serous cystadenoma; SD, standard deviation

EUS/surgical details

Characteristics of surgical resection are shown in Table 3. A total of 11/300 (3.7 %) patients had all 3 high-risk features defined in the AGA guidelines, 42/300 (14.0 %) patients had 2 high-risk features, 113/300 (37.7 %) patients had 1 high-risk feature, and 134/300 (44.6 %) patients had no high-risk features. A total of 98/300 (34.7 %) patients had concerning cytology findings such as atypia or malignancy, of whom 9 (9.2 %) patients had 3 high-risk features, 21 (21.4 %) patients had 2 high-risk features, 36 (36.7 %) patients had 1 high-risk feature, and 32 (32.7 %) patients had no high-risk features.

Outcomes in patients undergoing surgical resection for pancreatic cystic neoplasms.

Total n = 300		Incidence (n, %)
AGA high-risk features	Cyst size ≥ 30 mm	130 (43.3)
	Main pancreatic duct size ≥ 5 mm	54 (30.2)
	Solid mass	46 (16.1)
	Concerning cytology (cellular atypia, HGD, or cancer)	98 (34.7)
Number of AGA high-risk features	0 features	134 (44.6)
	1 feature	113 (37.7)
	2 features	42 (14.0)
	3 features	11 (3.7)
AGA guidelines recommend surveillance	0 features + negative cytology	102 (34.0)
	1 feature + negative cytology	77 (25.7)
	Total surveillance	179 (59.7)
AGA guidelines recommend surgery	0 features + concerning cytology	32 (10.7)
	1 feature + concerning cytology	36 (12.0)
	2 features + negative cytology	21 (7.0)
	2 features + concerning cytology	21 (7.0)
	3 features + negative cytology	2 (0.7)
	3 features + concerning cytology	9 (3.0)
	Total surgery	121 (40.3)

Surgical resection included Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy (127/300, 42.5 %), distal pancreatectomy (154/300, 51.5 %), middle pancreatectomy (9/300, 3.0 %), total pancreatectomy (8/300, 2.7 %), and exploratory laparotomy with surgical biopsy (1/300, 0.3 %). The surgical pathology for resected cystic neoplasms included MCNs (63/300, 21.0 %), IPMNs (198/300, 66.0 %), and serous cystadenomas (39/300, 13.0 %). Among surgically resected lesions, none of the 39 serous cystadenomas contained adenocarcinoma, while 49/198 (24.7 %) IPMNs contained adenocarcinoma, 2/198 (1.0 %) IPMNs contained HGD, and 3/63 (4.8 %) MCNs contained adenocarcinoma. Serous cystadenomas underwent surgical resection for a variety of reasons which included unclear diagnosis on preoperative EUS, and suspicion of a solid mass in 3 patients.

A total of 54 patients were found to have malignant PCNs, and their characteristics are shown in Table 4. Among these patients, 45/54 (83.3 %) either had evidence of concerning cytology or had 2 or more high-risk features and would have been recommended for surgery, whereas 9/54 (16.7 %) had no evidence of concerning cytology and fewer than 2 high-risk features and would have been recommended for surveillance. Of note, 15 patients had evidence of concerning cytology with only 1 high-risk feature, and 9 patients had evidence of concerning cytology only without any high-risk features; had the AGA guidelines been followed, these 24 patients would have been recommended for surgery based solely on concerning cytology.

Patients with malignant pancreatic cystic neoplasms.

Total n = 54		Incidence (n, %)
AGA guidelines recommend surveillance	0 features + negative cytology	4 (7.4)
	1 feature + negative cytology	5 (9.3)
	Total surveillance	9 (16.7)
AGA guidelines recommend surgery	0 features + concerning cytology	9 (16.7)
	1 feature + concerning cytology	15 (27.8)
	2 features + negative cytology	4 (7.4)
	2 features + concerning cytology	12 (22.2)
	3 features + negative cytology	2 (3.7)
	3 features + concerning cytology	3 (5.6)
	Total surgery	45 (83.3)

Among the 46 (16.1 %) patients found to have a solid cyst component on EUS, only 26 were confirmed to have IPMNs with adenocarcinoma, and 1 had IPMN with HGD. The remainder included 12 cases of IPMNs without HGD or adenocarcinoma, 4 cases of MCNs without adenocarcinoma, and 3 cases of serous cystadenomas.

Diagnostic performance of AGA guidelines

Overall, the AGA guidelines would have recommended surgery in 121 (40.3 %) patients and surveillance in 179 (59.7 %) patients. Among patients who would have been recommended for surgery, 45 (37.2 %) had cancer/HGD and would have been appropriately referred, whereas 76 (62.8 %) had no evidence of cancer/HGD. Among patients who would have been recommended for surveillance, 170 (95.0 %) had no evidence of cancer/HGD and would have been appropriately referred; however, 9 (5.0 %) patients had cancer that would have been “missed.”

Overall, for the finding of cancer/HGD on surgical pathology, the AGA guidelines had a sensitivity of 83.3 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 70.7 – 92.1), specificity of 69.1 % (95 % CI 62.9 – 74.8), positive predictive value (PPV) of 37.2 % (95 % CI 28.6 – 46.4), negative predictive value (NPV) of 95.0 % (95 % CI 90.7 – 97.7), positive likelihood ratio of 2.70 (95 % CI 2.16 – 3.37), negative likelihood ratio of 0.24 (95 % CI 0.13 – 0.44), and diagnostic accuracy of 71.7 % (95 % CI 67.4 – 74.6). Table 5 shows the performance characteristics of the AGA guidelines.

Performance characteristics of 2015 AGA guidelines.

Results using 2015 AGA guidelines
	n = 300 patients	Cancer found (n = 54, %)	No Cancer (n = 246, %)
	Recommend surgery(n = 121)	45 (37.2)	76 (62.8)
	Recommend surveillance(n = 179)	9 (5.0)	170 (95.0)
Performance characteristics for finding of cancer/HGD on surgical pathology			Performance (%, 95 % confidence interval)
		Specificity	69.1 (62.9 – 74.8)
		Sensitivity	83.3 (70.7 – 92.1)
		Positive predictive value	37.2 (28.6 – 46.4)
		Negative predictive value	95.0 (90.7 – 97.7)
		Positive likelihood ratio	2.70 (2.16 – 3.37)
		Negative likelihood ratio	0.24 (0.13 – 0.44)
		Accuracy	71.7 (67.4 – 74.6)

HGD, high-grade dysplasia

Missed’ cancers

There were no obvious similarities between the 9 “missed” cancers except that all had a cyst size ≥ 1 cm. None had a solid component or dilated main pancreatic duct ≥ 5 mm on EUS, and only 5 had a cyst size ≥ 3 cm. Cytology was not performed on 2 patients, was unsatisfactory on 1 patient, and was benign on 6 patients. On surgical pathology, there were 2 MCNs with carcinoma and 7 IPMNs with carcinoma. The 9 “missed” cancers were all resected between 2005 – 2011 (2 in 2006, 3 in 2007, and 1 each in 2005, 2008, 2009, and 2011). These patients were referred for surgery based on either change in cyst size on subsequent cross-sectional imaging at 6 months to 12 months, or based on other factors not included in the AGA guidelines, such as markedly elevated cyst fluid CEA levels, being “young and fit” per Fukuoka guidelines, and patient preferences.

If our definition of “concerning” cytology had been changed to a strict definition, which only included unequivocal findings of high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma, the performance of the AGA guidelines would have been less robust. There would have been 21 “missed” cancers, representing 11.7 % of patients who would have been referred for surveillance. The specificity would have been 85.4 % (95 % CI 80.3 – 89.5), sensitivity 61.1 % (95 % CI 46.9 – 74.1), PPV 47.8 % (95 % CI 35.7 – 60.2), and NPV 90.9 % (95 % CI 86.4 – 94.3).

Discussion

PCNs present a significant dilemma for both patients and providers due to the risk of malignancy at time of diagnosis, variable risk of malignancy over time, and significant morbidity and potential mortality associated with surgical resection 7 9. Despite the role of cross-sectional imaging and EUS-FNA, it continues to be challenging to accurately differentiate between PCNs and apply surveillance protocols 10 11. Prior consensus guidelines, including the 2006 Sendai guidelines and the 2012 Fukuoka guidelines, have remained imperfect owing to the low quality of evidence used to develop them 15 16 17. After performing a technical review of the literature 25, the AGA published guidelines for management of asymptomatic PCNs 26 call for a much less aggressive surveillance regimen than the Fukuoka guidelines. The 2015 AGA guidelines have been regarded as controversial due to their mostly conditional recommendations and overall low quality of evidence despite an extensive technical review 27 28 29 30.

In this multicenter retrospective study, we evaluated performance of the AGA guidelines in a large cohort of patients with surgically confirmed pathology. Cystic degeneration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, cystic neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and main duct IPMNs were not included in our study, because these lesions are typically recommended to undergo surgery and are not addressed by the AGA guidelines. In our evaluation of 300 patients who underwent surgical resection for PCNs relevant to the AGA guidelines, adherence to these guidelines reduced the number of patients who would have undergone surgical resection by approximately 60 %.

This reduction in patients referred for surgery is due to the fact that only 53/300 (17.7 %) patients met 2 or more high-risk features as classified by the AGA guidelines, and only 98/300 (34.6 %) patients had concerning cytology findings. The AGA guidelines would have recommended surgery in only 121/300 (40.3 %) patients, in whom only 45 cysts harbored adenocarcinoma or HGD on surgical pathology. Notably, 21/45 (46.7 %) cysts demonstrated 2 or more high-risk features with or without concerning cytology findings, whereas the remaining 24 (53.3 %) cysts had fewer than 2 high-risk features but had concerning cytology findings. This suggests that the use of 2 or more high-risk features alone per the AGA guidelines is insufficient, and that there remains a role for EUS and cytology, despite its reportedly poor sensitivity 11. In addition, in clinical practice these patients also often had other EUS findings or patient-specific factors that led to surgical referral. Given that the definitions for “concerning” cytology are highly variable, this finding demonstrates that cytology results can dramatically influence the clinical decision for surgery versus surveillance. To highlight this issue, “atypical” cytology was used in our study given that in our clinical experience, “atypical” cytology results are often accompanied by additional commentary from the pathologist such as “cannot rule out” advanced dysplasia or well-differentiated adenocarcinoma.

Our study validates the major strengths of the AGA guidelines in that approximately 60 % of patients would have been spared from undergoing surgical resection, with a high sensitivity (83.3 %) and NPV (95.0 %). However, despite the apparent advantage in the accurate triage of low-risk PCNs, the AGA guidelines remain imperfect. Of the cysts with fewer than 2 high-risk features and no evidence of concerning cytology, which would have been triaged to surveillance per the AGA guidelines, 9 cancers would have been “missed.” Interestingly, all 9 patients had their tumors resected prior to 2011, although 4 would have been missed under the Sendai guidelines. Our results may actually underestimate the true performance characteristics of the AGA guidelines, specifically with regards to sensitivity and NPV given advances in imaging technology over our 10-year study period.

A recent retrospective study suggested that both the original Sendai guidelines and the Fukuoka guidelines are able to accurately determine which patients with pancreatic cysts have advanced neoplasia, with the Sendai guidelines demonstrating 91.7 % sensitivity, 21.5 % specificity, 21 % PPV, and 91.9 % NPV for identification of advanced neoplasia 24. However, as demonstrated in prior studies 19, several patients with high-grade dysplasia were missed. While we did not directly compare the AGA, Sendai, and Fukuoka guidelines, the observation that the 9 cancers in our surgical cohort were triaged to surveillance by the AGA guidelines but resected per the Sendai guidelines attests to the higher sensitivity but lower specificity of the Sendai guidelines.

Our study follows several others that have been published evaluating the AGA guidelines. Singhi et al reported a retrospective study of the AGA guidelines applied to 225 patients with pancreatic cystic lesions, of whom only 41 patients had surgical pathology 31. Notably, 45 % of IPMNs with HGD or adenocarcinoma were triaged to surveillance. Among all pancreatic cysts, the AGA guidelines had 62 % sensitivity, 79 % specificity, 57 % PPV, and 87 % NPV for identification of advanced neoplasia. Similarly, Ma et al reported in a retrospective study that the AGA guidelines did not appear to be superior to Fukuoka in identifying advanced neoplasia in suspected PCNs 32. In their study, both guidelines had PPV of 71 % to 74 % and would lead to unnecessary resections in patients without advanced neoplasia, while missing additional cases with advanced neoplasia. The precise reasons for discordance among studies are unclear and may be due to differences in study populations and data analysis.

Prior studies evaluating the Sendai and Fukuoka guidelines have suggested that although cyst surveillance is cost-effective when compared to no surveillance or immediate surgery 33, ongoing cyst surveillance still confers significant additional costs to society when applied to large populations of patients who have asymptomatic PCNs 28. While a formal cost analysis was not performed as part of this study, adherence to the AGA guidelines would have likely resulted in substantial cost savings given that almost 60 % of patients would have been triaged to surveillance rather than surgical resection.

There are several limitations of this study that merit discussion. The majority of our patients were referred from outside institutions and therefore follow-up was limited. The retrospective nature of our study also made it impossible to determine how many of our patients were truly asymptomatic. Furthermore, the natural history of those patients recommended to undergo surveillance by the AGA guidelines is not known, as all patients underwent surgical resection.

Importantly, our study population was highly selected to include only those patients who underwent EUS and subsequently had surgical resection for non-main duct IPMNs, MCNs, and SCAs. While these are the lesions that were specifically addressed by the AGA guidelines, we acknowledge that often the pathology is not known until surgical resection, and the AGA guidelines also do not recommend EUS for every patient. Nevertheless, by biasing our study population away from the lowest- and highest-risk lesions, both of which would have never undergone EUS, we are still able to demonstrate that only 5 % of patients recommended to undergo surveillance were found to have cancer on pathology. This finding suggests that when the AGA guidelines are applied to a broader population of predominantly low-risk asymptomatic PCNs, the actual rate of missed cancer is likely much lower. Furthermore, although 5 % of patients recommended to undergo serial surveillance were ultimately found on pathology to have cancer, this does not necessarily imply outright missing a diagnosis of cancer, as these PCNs would have potentially developed changes or concerning features on surveillance that would prompt surgical referral.

Conclusion

In conclusion, in our large multicenter surgical cohort, adherence to the 2015 AGA guidelines would have resulted in nearly 60 % fewer patients being referred for surgical resection and accurately recommended surveillance for most patients with asymptomatic PCNs. However, a malignancy was identified in 5 % of patients for whom surveillance was recommended, although these cases may have been subsequently identified during surveillance. Our study was specifically performed as an audit of real world clinical practice at multiple major academic institutions, and highlights a continued role for EUS-FNA in the management of a select population of higher-risk PCNs. While current studies are exploring molecular markers 31 34, as well as developing nomograms for predicting the probability of high-risk PCNs 35, our data emphasize the continued need to individualize treatment of PCNs until additional higher-quality prospective multicenter studies are performed.