Host-pathogen interactions in natural populations of Linum marginale and Melampsora lini : III. Influence of pathogen epidemics on host survivorship and flower production.

The epidemiology of rust caused by the fungus Melampsora lini and the effects of infection by this pathogen on its host, the herbaceous perennial Linum marginale, were determined in the field and in garden experiments. There was considerable natural variability in disease levels over the four years (1986-1989) of the study. In two years (1986, 1989) major rust epidemics occurred. In the field, the main effect of disease was to reduce survivorship during the winter following infection. Plants which were heavily infected during the 1986 or 1989 growing seasons had reduced survivorship relative to more lightly infected plants. Melampsora lini infections did not appear to affect survivorship in either 1987 or 1988. Flowering was correlated with environmental factors and the number of stems a plant possessed. A severe drought in 1987 completely inhibited flowering. In the other three years the number of flowers produced by a plant was strongly positively correlated with the number of stems it possessed. Disease levels had no consistent effect on flowering. Controlled garden experiments were also used to examine the response of seedlings and adult plants to infection. These showed that both the timing and severity of disease appears to determine the effect of M. lini infections on L. marginale. Early, severe infection reduced growing season and overwintering survivorship as well as capsule production. However, plants in the field were most often infected only after flowering had begun, and the predominant effect of infection was a reduction in overwintering survivorship. The high variability in disease levels from year to year and the deferred nature of the effect of the rust on its host have significant implications for the design of experiments aimed at assessing the role of diseases in plant communities.