Non-random distribution patterns of leaf miners on oak trees.

Leaf-mining Stilbosis quadricustatella larvae are distributed non-randomly within leaves of their host plants, sand live oak (Quercus geminata) and water oak (Q. nigra), in north Florida. Fewer mines are found together on the same side of the mid-vein than separated, on opposite sides of the mid-vein. Larvae do not normally cross the mid-vein but create small blotch-like mines along subsidiary veins. Investigations of the usual mortality factors acting on these leaf-miner populations, including competition, parasitism, and predation, revealed no significant differences in these factors between mines separated by the mid-vein and those on the same side of the leaf. However, early leaf abscission, which kills the larvae present in the leaf, occurs significantly more frequently in cases where larvae are clustered on one leaf side. The reasons for this differential leaf abscission are not yet clear.