Short-term and circadian rhythms in the behaviour of the vole, Microtus agrestis (L.).

The activity behaviour of the vole, Microtus agrestis, has been recorded in order to investigate the relationship between short-term rhythm and circadian rhythm. A simple device was developed, allowing separate monitoring of the time spent in or outside the nest, wheel-running, eating and drinking. Under natural light conditions during summer, a distinct differentiation between a short term rhythm of eating and drinking during the day-time and a circadian rhythm of wheel-running during the night was observed. The short-term rhythm depends closely on metabolic demands (hunger, thirst, excretion). Control of these demands by an endogenous oscillation could not be substantiated. The circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity is, however, controlled by an endogenous oscillation, synchronized by light conditions. It is subjected to seasonal variations. a) The threshold of light intensity below which wheel-running occurs is lowest during summer (<0.5 lx) and is higher during spring and autum (> 5 lx). b) Wheel-running is controlled by a circadian oscillation during summer only whereas it is an integrated part of the short-term rhythm during spring and autumn (experiments during the winter have not yet been performed). Experiments gave evidence that the properties of the cage can deeply influence the amount and pattern of wheel-running activity. It is concluded that wheel-running reflects a certain level of excitation, which may be caused by different behavioural intentions. The seasonal changes of the control of wheel-running activity are discussed with respect to this assumption. The relevancy of locomotor activity patterns as usually recorded in the laboratory to reveal the physiological and ecological significance of endogenously controlled behavioural patterns is discussed.