Haiyang He1, Luyu Qi2, Yiling Hou1. 1. Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China. 2. Hospital Affiliated to Logistics College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Targeting the mutations and amplifications in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene has curative effects on cancers of the lung, oral cavity, and gastrointestinal system. However, a systemic immune inflammation is an adverse effect of this therapeutic strategy. In this study, we aimed to identify the possible changes in the tumor microenvironment that contribute to the anti-cancer activity of EGFR inhibition. METHODS: Squamous-cell cancers were induced by the syngeneic transplantation of either EGFR-null or wild-type mouse primary keratinocytes that had been transduced with an oncogenic H-ras retrovirus. The mice were treated with gefinitib. Then, flow cytometric was used to detect the ratio of T cells and the expression of programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1). RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of cytokines and chemokines. RESULTS: Tumors that formed from EGFR-null keratinocytes were smaller, had fewer infiltrating FoxP3+ Treg cells, lower Foxp3 RNA, and lower percentage of PD-1 positive CD4 cells than those formed from wild-type keratinocytes. These results indicated that tumor cells can autonomously regulate the tumor microenvironment. Hosts with wild-type cancers and that were treated with gefitinib for 1 week tended to have smaller tumors. The treated mice in the short-term pharmacological model tended to have reduced FoxP3+ cells and FoxP3 RNA in the tumor microenvironment, as well as a substantially increased ratio of IL-1A/IL-1RA transcripts. These results suggested that the brief systemic inhibition of EGFR signaling alters the immune environment of the targeted cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The autonomous (genetic) or systemic (pharmacologic) inhibition of EGFR signaling in tumor cells reduces tumor growth and Treg infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. An EGFR-dependent Treg function supports the growth of squamous cancers. Therefore, Treg is a target in the therapeutic strategy of EGFR inhibition.
BACKGROUND: Targeting the mutations and amplifications in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene has curative effects on cancers of the lung, oral cavity, and gastrointestinal system. However, a systemic immune inflammation is an adverse effect of this therapeutic strategy. In this study, we aimed to identify the possible changes in the tumor microenvironment that contribute to the anti-cancer activity of EGFR inhibition. METHODS:Squamous-cell cancers were induced by the syngeneic transplantation of either EGFR-null or wild-type mouse primary keratinocytes that had been transduced with an oncogenic H-ras retrovirus. The mice were treated with gefinitib. Then, flow cytometric was used to detect the ratio of T cells and the expression of programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1). RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of cytokines and chemokines. RESULTS:Tumors that formed from EGFR-null keratinocytes were smaller, had fewer infiltrating FoxP3+ Treg cells, lower Foxp3 RNA, and lower percentage of PD-1 positive CD4 cells than those formed from wild-type keratinocytes. These results indicated that tumor cells can autonomously regulate the tumor microenvironment. Hosts with wild-type cancers and that were treated with gefitinib for 1 week tended to have smaller tumors. The treated mice in the short-term pharmacological model tended to have reduced FoxP3+ cells and FoxP3 RNA in the tumor microenvironment, as well as a substantially increased ratio of IL-1A/IL-1RA transcripts. These results suggested that the brief systemic inhibition of EGFR signaling alters the immune environment of the targeted cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The autonomous (genetic) or systemic (pharmacologic) inhibition of EGFR signaling in tumor cells reduces tumor growth and Treg infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. An EGFR-dependent Treg function supports the growth of squamous cancers. Therefore, Treg is a target in the therapeutic strategy of EGFR inhibition.
Tumors originated from HRAS transformed FVB/N primary keratinocytes grafted on the back of immunocompetent syngeneic mice. A: EGFRflx/flx keratinocytes that formed the malignant squamous tumors are smaller formed from than the EGFRwt/wt; B: Pharmacological blockade of EGFR by systemic administration of gefitinib or 10% DMSO for 1 week, the former tumors are smaller. *P < 0.05.
HARS转染角质细胞移植至免疫同源FVB/N小鼠背部成瘤。A:基因组EGFRflx/flx肿瘤生长较野生基因型组EGFRwt/wt迟缓;B:药理组连续1周系统性喂食吉非替尼小鼠体积较对照组较小。*P<0.05。Tumors originated from HRAS transformed FVB/N primary keratinocytes grafted on the back of immunocompetent syngeneic mice. A: EGFRflx/flx keratinocytes that formed the malignant squamous tumors are smaller formed from than the EGFRwt/wt; B: Pharmacological blockade of EGFR by systemic administration of gefitinib or 10% DMSO for 1 week, the former tumors are smaller. *P < 0.05.
FACS analysis the tumor cell suspensions in the genetic model. EGFRflx/flx keratinocytes formed tumors vs the EGFRwt/wt, the proportion of PD-1 positive CD4+ T cells decreased (A), FoxP3 positive CD4+ T cell ratio was also significantly decreased (B). A sample from EGFRwt/wt group, the PD-1 positive CD4+ T ratio was 77.34% (C), the ratio of EGFRflx/flx sample PD-1 positive CD4+ T was 55.33% (D). *P < 0.05.
基因组小鼠肿瘤酶消化悬液细胞分析。EGFRflx/flx相对于EGFRwt/wt组,PD-1阳性CD4+ T细胞比例降低(A),FoxP3阳性CD4+ T细胞比例也明显下降(B)。EGFRwt/wt组样本PD-1阳性CD4+T为77.34%(C),同源EGFRflx/flx样本PD-1阳性CD4+ T为55.33%(D)。*P<0.05。FACS analysis the tumor cell suspensions in the genetic model. EGFRflx/flx keratinocytes formed tumors vs the EGFRwt/wt, the proportion of PD-1 positive CD4+ T cells decreased (A), FoxP3 positive CD4+ T cell ratio was also significantly decreased (B). A sample from EGFRwt/wt group, the PD-1 positive CD4+ T ratio was 77.34% (C), the ratio of EGFRflx/flx sample PD-1 positive CD4+ T was 55.33% (D). *P < 0.05.
FACS analysis the tumor cell suspensions about pharmacological blockade of EGFR. Systemic administration by gefitinib or 10% DMSO for 1 week, the proportion of PD-1 positive CD4+ T cells had no difference (A), so as the FoxP3 positive CD4+CD25+ T cell ratio (B). A sample from gefitinib group, the PD-1 positive CD4+ T ratio was 73.44% (C), the ratio of DMSO sample was 55.33% (D). *P < 0.05.
药理组小鼠肿瘤酶消化悬液细胞分析。Gefitinib相对于DMSO组,PD-1阳性CD4+ T细胞比例差异不明显(A),FoxP3阳性CD4+/CD25+ T细胞比例差异不具有统计学意义(B)。Gefitinib组样本PD-1阳性CD4+ T为73.44%(C),同源DMSO组样本PD-1阳性CD4+ T为73.76%(D)。*P<0.05。FACS analysis the tumor cell suspensions about pharmacological blockade of EGFR. Systemic administration by gefitinib or 10% DMSO for 1 week, the proportion of PD-1 positive CD4+ T cells had no difference (A), so as the FoxP3 positive CD4+CD25+ T cell ratio (B). A sample from gefitinib group, the PD-1 positive CD4+ T ratio was 73.44% (C), the ratio of DMSO sample was 55.33% (D). *P < 0.05.
Analysis about mRNA and inflammatory mediators expression. A and B for the genetic model while E and F for the pharmacologic model of mRNA analysis. C and D in the genetic model while G and H in the pharmacologic model of inflammatory mediators analysis. Genetic and pharmacological blockade of EGFR is indicated in red while active EGFR is indicated in blue. *P < 0.05.
mRNA和炎性介质蛋白表达情况。A、B:基因组mRNA表达;E、F:药理组mRNA表达;C、D:基因组模型炎性介质蛋白表达;G、H:药理组模型炎性介质蛋白表达。其中基因或药理阻断EGFR用数据用红色表示,具有活性的EGFR组数据用蓝色表示。*P<0.05。Analysis about mRNA and inflammatory mediators expression. A and B for the genetic model while E and F for the pharmacologic model of mRNA analysis. C and D in the genetic model while G and H in the pharmacologic model of inflammatory mediators analysis. Genetic and pharmacological blockade of EGFR is indicated in red while active EGFR is indicated in blue. *P < 0.05.
Authors: Francesca Mascia; Gary Lam; Christopher Keith; Caroline Garber; Seth M Steinberg; Elise Kohn; Stuart H Yuspa Journal: Sci Transl Med Date: 2013-08-21 Impact factor: 17.956
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