Literature DB >> 28302215

[Altered Treg and IL-1A Expression in the Immune Microenvironment 
of Lung Squamous-cell Cancer after EGFR Blockade].

Haiyang He1, Luyu Qi2, Yiling Hou1.   

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Targeting the mutations and amplifications in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene has curative effects on cancers of the lung, oral cavity, and gastrointestinal system. However, a systemic immune inflammation is an adverse effect of this therapeutic strategy. In this study, we aimed to identify the possible changes in the tumor microenvironment that contribute to the anti-cancer activity of EGFR inhibition.
METHODS: Squamous-cell cancers were induced by the syngeneic transplantation of either EGFR-null or wild-type mouse primary keratinocytes that had been transduced with an oncogenic H-ras retrovirus. The mice were treated with gefinitib. Then, flow cytometric was used to detect the ratio of T cells and the expression of programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-1). RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of cytokines and chemokines.
RESULTS: Tumors that formed from EGFR-null keratinocytes were smaller, had fewer infiltrating FoxP3+ Treg cells, lower Foxp3 RNA, and lower percentage of PD-1 positive CD4 cells than those formed from wild-type keratinocytes. These results indicated that tumor cells can autonomously regulate the tumor microenvironment. Hosts with wild-type cancers and that were treated with gefitinib for 1 week tended to have smaller tumors. The treated mice in the short-term pharmacological model tended to have reduced FoxP3+ cells and FoxP3 RNA in the tumor microenvironment, as well as a substantially increased ratio of IL-1A/IL-1RA transcripts. These results suggested that the brief systemic inhibition of EGFR signaling alters the immune environment of the targeted cancer.
CONCLUSIONS: The autonomous (genetic) or systemic (pharmacologic) inhibition of EGFR signaling in tumor cells reduces tumor growth and Treg infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. An EGFR-dependent Treg function supports the growth of squamous cancers. Therefore, Treg is a target in the therapeutic strategy of EGFR inhibition.

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Year:  2017        PMID: 28302215      PMCID: PMC5973302          DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.03.01

Source DB:  PubMed          Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi        ISSN: 1009-3419


表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)、结直肠癌、头颈鳞状细胞癌中经常过表达或者突变,因而是阻断此类癌细胞增殖生存的有效靶点。药物通过与EGFR特异结合,减少肿瘤的血管生成与癌症的发展,阻断细胞周期以诱导凋亡[。在临床中,EGFR活性通过酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(吉非替尼、埃罗替尼、拉帕替尼)或是特异抗体(西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗)阻断。然而EGFR阻断剂治疗常伴随剂量限制的持续性副反应——皮肤炎症(丘状脓包性皮疹和瘙痒)及肠道炎症[,引起这一副反应的原因之一为EGFR不仅表达于肿瘤细胞表面,也在正常上皮组织表达。最近有遗传实验结果[表明,角质细胞衍生的趋化因子诱导巨噬细胞和肥大细胞浸润,导致皮肤皮疹,因而提出一种可能性,即在药物干预的情况下,功能性EGFR缺失,可以改变肿瘤免疫微环境。近段时间以来,免疫检点(CTLA-4、PD-1/PD-L1)抑制剂用于癌症治疗试验证实特定的免疫环境是肿瘤继续生长或被消灭的决定因素之一[。为了模拟EGFR消失对鳞状细胞肺癌肿瘤微环境的影响,我们使用基因及药物手段在FVB/N免疫小鼠身上进行了一系列试验。

材料及方法

实验材料

HRAS(sc-520)购于Santa Cruz;EGFR(06-847)购于Millipore;ACK缓冲液购于Thermo Fisher;绿色或蓝色活体染色剂购于Life Technologies;Foxp3 Fix/Perm购于ebiosciences;TRIzol试剂购于Life Technologies;SuperScript® Ⅲ反转录酶购于Life Technologies;流式抗体FoxP3-AF488、PD1-PE、CD25-AF700、CD45-PECF594、CD3-APC、CD4-PCPCy5.5、CD8-APCCy7购于BD;抗蛋白酶购于Roche;定制的磁珠组合购于R & D luminex;iQ SYBR Green Supermix购于Biorad;管过滤(352235)购于BD;实验引物来自Quantitech Qiagen,流式细胞仪使用BD LSRII;实时定量PCR使用Bio-Rad iCycler iQ。

细胞修饰

通过肿瘤细胞自主(遗传)和系统性(药物干预)模型,给新生的小鼠移植以下修饰的角质细胞以成瘤:通过逆转录病毒连续5 d转染HRAS至EGFRwt/wt与EGFRflx/flx角质细胞以形成具有持续HRAS活性的改造细胞[。HRAS感染的第3天,使用包含Cre重组酶的腺病毒二次感染角质细胞,EGFRflx/flx角质细胞的EGFR被切除而EGFRwt/wt型不受影响。

小鼠肿瘤模型建立

3.5×106转化角质细胞与5×106原代成纤维细胞(支持细胞)移植到同源小鼠背部。观察肿瘤生长1个月,每星期用卡尺测量肿瘤体积。对于药理模型,在移植EGFRwt/wt转化角质细胞21 d后,将荷瘤小鼠随机分为两组。一组接受溶解有吉非替尼的10%的二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)填胃法治疗,吉非替尼给药量为100 mg/kg;另一组每日10%的DMSO灌胃;连续处理1周。遗传模型实验包含EGFRwt/wt(n=23)和EGFRflx/flx移植小鼠(n=19),进行3组随机平行重复实验。药理模型重复两次,实验小鼠总数为10% DMSO组(n=10),吉非替尼组(n=11)根据肿瘤的大小,至少收集300 mg样本(部分肿瘤较小样本合并2个/3个相同的遗传组肿瘤,以获得足够的流式细胞仪分析的样本)消化,部分进行流式细胞仪分析、部分用于总mRNA和蛋白萃取。有些实验组样本不够进行上述所有分析,所以不同实验结果中小鼠的样本数存在差异。

流式细胞仪检测

新鲜收集的肿瘤分割(或是根据肿瘤体积进行合并)300 mg,切碎,于玻璃烧杯中使用胶原蛋白酶Ⅰ消化(5 mL/肿瘤溶于2, 000 U无血清DMEM培养基)45 min,37 ℃,持续搅拌。样本转移至冰上,移液器自上而下添加10 mL含10%血清DMEM培养基。100目细胞滤器过滤,4 ℃ 1, 200 rmp离心5 min。3 mL ACK缓冲液重悬并置于冰上孵育5 min,20 mL完全DMEM培养基终止ACK裂解,70 μm过滤器过滤,4 ℃ 1, 200 rmp离心5 min。重悬并计数,稀释细胞浓度至1×106/mL。取1 mL样本,2 mL低温PBS清洗,离心,50 μL PBS重悬并转移至15 mL离心管,加入1 mL绿色或蓝色活体染色剂(事先1:100稀释)染色,室温孵育15 min;同型对照组同样室温孵育15 min。2 mL低温PBS清洗,离心,50 mL PBS重悬,加入混合抗体(FoxP3-AF488, PD1-PE, CD25-AF700, CD45-PECF594, CD3-APC, CD4-PCPCy5.5, CD8-APCCy7),4 ℃孵育30 min。2 mL低温PBS洗涤,离心,固定(2% PFA在冰上孵育20 min)。1 mL Foxp3 Fix/Perm室温孵育15 min,然后用2 mL FoxP3 Perm冲洗,于含细胞核抗体FoxP3 Perm 50 μL缓冲液室温孵育30 min。2 mL FoxP3 Perm冲洗,离心并重悬于PBS溶液,于BD管过滤过滤。 对于FoxP3,遗传模型及药理模型均只有一组流式实验读数可信(细胞的最佳渗透),而PD-1染色数据各有3组有效。样本于BD LSRII检测,数据分析均于FlowJo 9.8软件进行。

RNA提取与实时定量RT-PCR

总RNA提取:冰冻肿瘤切块于低温Mikro-Dismembrator S中2, 000 rmp 2 min,溶解于TRIzol试剂,具体操作详见说明书。cDNA合成:1 μg总RNA使用SuperScript® Ⅲ反转录酶反转录,PCR为20 μL体系iQ SYBR Green Supermix,cDNA 1:100稀释。结果以平均相对量±SD表示。

肿瘤细胞裂解物分析

总细胞裂解物:提取RNA剩余肿瘤粉末于含抗蛋白酶、1 mmol/L正钒酸钠、1 mmol/L氟化钠的低温RIPA缓冲液中裂解。肿瘤裂解物置于冰上旋涡孵育20 min,然后14, 000 rpm离心15 min,上清液Bradford法测定总蛋白含量定量,10 μg蛋白裂解液使用定制的磁珠组合分析19种细胞因子和趋化因子(HGF, TNFA, IL-1B, IL-1A, IFNG, GCSF, MCSF, EPO, LIX, MDC, KC, MCP-1, RANTES, IL6, Lipocalin2, MIP1A, MIP1B, IGF1, Eotaxin),定量IL-1RA使用酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)测试。

统计学分析

采用GraphPad Prism软件进行数据分析,采用Mann Whitney U检验比较组数据之间的差异。P≤0.05为有统计学差异。

结果

HARS转染角质细胞移植至免疫同源FVB/N小鼠背部成瘤情况

经过处理的角质细胞移植到同源小鼠背部以成瘤,观察肿瘤生长状态,基因模型组(图 1A)肿瘤生长持续受到抑制;药理模型(图 1B)小鼠使用小分子靶向药物吉非替尼经过1周的治疗,实验组相对于只喂食10% DMSO对照组肿瘤细胞体积较小(平均体积726 mm3 vs 1, 340 mm3),但无统计学差异。
1

HARS转染角质细胞移植至免疫同源FVB/N小鼠背部成瘤。A:基因组EGFRflx/flx肿瘤生长较野生基因型组EGFRwt/wt迟缓;B:药理组连续1周系统性喂食吉非替尼小鼠体积较对照组较小。*P<0.05。

Tumors originated from HRAS transformed FVB/N primary keratinocytes grafted on the back of immunocompetent syngeneic mice. A: EGFRflx/flx keratinocytes that formed the malignant squamous tumors are smaller formed from than the EGFRwt/wt; B: Pharmacological blockade of EGFR by systemic administration of gefitinib or 10% DMSO for 1 week, the former tumors are smaller. *P < 0.05.

HARS转染角质细胞移植至免疫同源FVB/N小鼠背部成瘤。A:基因组EGFRflx/flx肿瘤生长较野生基因型组EGFRwt/wt迟缓;B:药理组连续1周系统性喂食吉非替尼小鼠体积较对照组较小。*P<0.05。 Tumors originated from HRAS transformed FVB/N primary keratinocytes grafted on the back of immunocompetent syngeneic mice. A: EGFRflx/flx keratinocytes that formed the malignant squamous tumors are smaller formed from than the EGFRwt/wt; B: Pharmacological blockade of EGFR by systemic administration of gefitinib or 10% DMSO for 1 week, the former tumors are smaller. *P < 0.05.

基因组小鼠肿瘤酶消化悬液细胞分析

通过流式细胞仪分析酶消化基因组小鼠肿瘤获得的细胞悬液,EGFRflx/flx相对于EGFRwt/wt组,CD4+细胞表达PD-1下降(图 2A),FoxP3阳性CD4+细胞比例明显降低(图 2B)。同源小鼠EGFRwt/wt型CD4+ T表达PD-1高(图 2C),EGFRflx/flxCD4+ T表达PD-1较低(图 2D)。
2

基因组小鼠肿瘤酶消化悬液细胞分析。EGFRflx/flx相对于EGFRwt/wt组,PD-1阳性CD4+ T细胞比例降低(A),FoxP3阳性CD4+ T细胞比例也明显下降(B)。EGFRwt/wt组样本PD-1阳性CD4+T为77.34%(C),同源EGFRflx/flx样本PD-1阳性CD4+ T为55.33%(D)。*P<0.05。

FACS analysis the tumor cell suspensions in the genetic model. EGFRflx/flx keratinocytes formed tumors vs the EGFRwt/wt, the proportion of PD-1 positive CD4+ T cells decreased (A), FoxP3 positive CD4+ T cell ratio was also significantly decreased (B). A sample from EGFRwt/wt group, the PD-1 positive CD4+ T ratio was 77.34% (C), the ratio of EGFRflx/flx sample PD-1 positive CD4+ T was 55.33% (D). *P < 0.05.

基因组小鼠肿瘤酶消化悬液细胞分析。EGFRflx/flx相对于EGFRwt/wt组,PD-1阳性CD4+ T细胞比例降低(A),FoxP3阳性CD4+ T细胞比例也明显下降(B)。EGFRwt/wt组样本PD-1阳性CD4+T为77.34%(C),同源EGFRflx/flx样本PD-1阳性CD4+ T为55.33%(D)。*P<0.05。 FACS analysis the tumor cell suspensions in the genetic model. EGFRflx/flx keratinocytes formed tumors vs the EGFRwt/wt, the proportion of PD-1 positive CD4+ T cells decreased (A), FoxP3 positive CD4+ T cell ratio was also significantly decreased (B). A sample from EGFRwt/wt group, the PD-1 positive CD4+ T ratio was 77.34% (C), the ratio of EGFRflx/flx sample PD-1 positive CD4+ T was 55.33% (D). *P < 0.05.

药理组小鼠肿瘤酶消化悬液细胞分析

通过流式细胞仪分析酶消化药理模型组小鼠肿瘤获得的细胞悬液,Gefitinib相对于DMSO组,FoxP3阳性CD4+/CD25+细胞减少趋势,CD4+细胞PD-1的表达未减少,同源小鼠Gefitinib组与DMSOPD-1阳性CD4+ T细胞比例相近(图 3)。
3

药理组小鼠肿瘤酶消化悬液细胞分析。Gefitinib相对于DMSO组,PD-1阳性CD4+ T细胞比例差异不明显(A),FoxP3阳性CD4+/CD25+ T细胞比例差异不具有统计学意义(B)。Gefitinib组样本PD-1阳性CD4+ T为73.44%(C),同源DMSO组样本PD-1阳性CD4+ T为73.76%(D)。*P<0.05。

FACS analysis the tumor cell suspensions about pharmacological blockade of EGFR. Systemic administration by gefitinib or 10% DMSO for 1 week, the proportion of PD-1 positive CD4+ T cells had no difference (A), so as the FoxP3 positive CD4+CD25+ T cell ratio (B). A sample from gefitinib group, the PD-1 positive CD4+ T ratio was 73.44% (C), the ratio of DMSO sample was 55.33% (D). *P < 0.05.

药理组小鼠肿瘤酶消化悬液细胞分析。Gefitinib相对于DMSO组,PD-1阳性CD4+ T细胞比例差异不明显(A),FoxP3阳性CD4+/CD25+ T细胞比例差异不具有统计学意义(B)。Gefitinib组样本PD-1阳性CD4+ T为73.44%(C),同源DMSO组样本PD-1阳性CD4+ T为73.76%(D)。*P<0.05。 FACS analysis the tumor cell suspensions about pharmacological blockade of EGFR. Systemic administration by gefitinib or 10% DMSO for 1 week, the proportion of PD-1 positive CD4+ T cells had no difference (A), so as the FoxP3 positive CD4+CD25+ T cell ratio (B). A sample from gefitinib group, the PD-1 positive CD4+ T ratio was 73.44% (C), the ratio of DMSO sample was 55.33% (D). *P < 0.05.

各组mRNA和炎性介质蛋白表达情况

基因模型组实验结果(图 4A-图 4D)和药理模型组实验结果(图 4E-图 4H),显示基因模型组FoxP3 mRNA的表达量减少(图 4A)。在吉非替尼治疗组,IL-1A蛋白水平和IL-1A相对IL-1RA比率明显升高(图 4G,图 4H)。
4

mRNA和炎性介质蛋白表达情况。A、B:基因组mRNA表达;E、F:药理组mRNA表达;C、D:基因组模型炎性介质蛋白表达;G、H:药理组模型炎性介质蛋白表达。其中基因或药理阻断EGFR用数据用红色表示,具有活性的EGFR组数据用蓝色表示。*P<0.05。

Analysis about mRNA and inflammatory mediators expression. A and B for the genetic model while E and F for the pharmacologic model of mRNA analysis. C and D in the genetic model while G and H in the pharmacologic model of inflammatory mediators analysis. Genetic and pharmacological blockade of EGFR is indicated in red while active EGFR is indicated in blue. *P < 0.05.

mRNA和炎性介质蛋白表达情况。A、B:基因组mRNA表达;E、F:药理组mRNA表达;C、D:基因组模型炎性介质蛋白表达;G、H:药理组模型炎性介质蛋白表达。其中基因或药理阻断EGFR用数据用红色表示,具有活性的EGFR组数据用蓝色表示。*P<0.05。 Analysis about mRNA and inflammatory mediators expression. A and B for the genetic model while E and F for the pharmacologic model of mRNA analysis. C and D in the genetic model while G and H in the pharmacologic model of inflammatory mediators analysis. Genetic and pharmacological blockade of EGFR is indicated in red while active EGFR is indicated in blue. *P < 0.05.

讨论

为了探究肺鳞癌的自主免疫变化,我们将角质细胞经改造后移植到同源小鼠背部以形成肿瘤。在基因模型中,肿瘤生长持续受到抑制,这是由于致癌基因RAS信号通路需要肿瘤上皮细胞表面EGFR的参与[。对于药理模型,使用小分子靶向药物吉非替尼,主要检测系统性阻断EGFR引发的直接后果对免疫微环境前期变化的影响。为了排除肿瘤细胞死亡或是坏死带来的影响,我们只对系统性阻断EGFR前期的相关变化进行研究。通过流式细胞仪分析酶消化肿瘤获得的细胞悬液,发现基因模型组小鼠FoxP3阳性CD4细胞比例明显降低,FoxP3 mRNA含量减少,证实EGFR对于肺鳞癌免疫微环境具有调节作用。由于肿瘤的异质性及吉非替尼治疗时间短,药理组模型很少观察到显著差异。经过1周吉非替尼治疗,FoxP3阳性CD4+/CD25+细胞减少,FoxP3 mRNA的表达趋于减少,但PD-1的表达未减少。吉非替尼治疗不仅影响表达EGFR的转化角质细胞,也将影响表达EGFR的基质细胞。而EGFR配体双调蛋白,增强Treg的抑制作用[。这表明通过肿瘤细胞自主性和系统性的途径阻断EGFR都将改变肿瘤微环境中Treg的活性,可能有助于免疫抑制肿瘤生长的作用。在这两个模型中,TGFB1 mRNA、CTLA4 mRNA表达降低趋势。吉非替尼组的IL-1A蛋白水平和IL-1A相对IL-1RA比率明显升高。有体外实验证实[,IL-1A、IL-1R自分泌环是EGFR依赖的致癌基因RAS信号通路的关键之一。相反,免疫功能正常小鼠通过药理阻断EGFR活性,恶性肿瘤引起IL-1A蛋白水平的显著提升。肿瘤细胞EGFR基因缺失未引起IL-1A的显著提升表明IL-1A表达的升高是吉非替尼影响肿瘤微环境中其他细胞产生的。我们期望Foxp3Treg降低以抑制肿瘤的生长,但并不希望IL-1A升高,中和IL-1A成为治疗慢性炎症疾病和肺鳞癌的另一方向[。IL-1A的表达影响EGFR抑制剂发挥作用并与肺鳞癌患者的预后负相关提示我们可以将抗EGFR与抗IL-1A治疗联合使用。我们的研究表明,系统性阻断EGFR,使得Treg快速减少,而IL-1A/IL-1RA比例迅速上升,以快速改变肿瘤微环境。肿瘤细胞EGFR阻断还有利于Treg的差异性浸润。 以上研究为进一步探究EGFR阻断剂所产生的免疫影响,特别是改变Treg数量与IL-1A水平,以改变肿瘤微环境提供依据。
  11 in total

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Review 4.  Treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: a review.

Authors:  Benjamin A Derman; Kathryn F Mileham; Philip D Bonomi; Marta Batus; Mary J Fidler
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6.  Genetic ablation of epidermal EGFR reveals the dynamic origin of adverse effects of anti-EGFR therapy.

Authors:  Francesca Mascia; Gary Lam; Christopher Keith; Caroline Garber; Seth M Steinberg; Elise Kohn; Stuart H Yuspa
Journal:  Sci Transl Med       Date:  2013-08-21       Impact factor: 17.956

Review 7.  First-line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer.

Authors:  Janette Greenhalgh; Kerry Dwan; Angela Boland; Victoria Bates; Fabio Vecchio; Yenal Dundar; Pooja Jain; John A Green
Journal:  Cochrane Database Syst Rev       Date:  2016-05-25

8.  IL-1α expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma affects the tumor cell migration and is regulated by the p38MAPK signaling pathway.

Authors:  Vegard Tjomsland; Linda Bojmar; Per Sandström; Charlotte Bratthäll; Davorka Messmer; Anna Spångeus; Marie Larsson
Journal:  PLoS One       Date:  2013-08-12       Impact factor: 3.240

Review 9.  Kirsten Ras* oncogene: significance of its discovery in human cancer research.

Authors:  Nobuo Tsuchida; Avaniyapuram Kannan Murugan; Michele Grieco
Journal:  Oncotarget       Date:  2016-07-19

10.  Eccrine sweat contains IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-31 and activates epidermal keratinocytes as a danger signal.

Authors:  Xiuju Dai; Hidenori Okazaki; Yasushi Hanakawa; Masamoto Murakami; Mikiko Tohyama; Yuji Shirakata; Koji Sayama
Journal:  PLoS One       Date:  2013-07-11       Impact factor: 3.240

View more
  3 in total

Review 1.  [Study Progression on Non-small Cell Lung Cancer with EGFR Mutation 
Treated by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors].

Authors:  Rilan Bai; Naifei Chen; Jiuwei Cui
Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi       Date:  2018-08-20

Review 2.  [New Progress in the Relationship between Immune Cells, PD-1 
in Tumor Microenvironment and the Efficacy of EGFR-TKIs].

Authors:  Shiyang Yuan; Hui Xu; Junping Xie
Journal:  Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi       Date:  2017-11-20

3.  Nivolumab induced hyperprogressive disease in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Authors:  Dantong Sun; Dong Liu; Qiaoling Liu; Helei Hou
Journal:  Cancer Biol Ther       Date:  2020-11-05       Impact factor: 4.742

  3 in total

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