Rhamnolipid-aided biodegradation of carbendazim by Rhodococcus sp. D-1: Characteristics, products, and phytotoxicity.

We successfully isolated Rhodococcus sp. D-1, an efficient carbendazim-degrading bacterium that degraded 98.20% carbendazim (200ppm) within 5days. Carbendazim was first processed into 2-aminobenzimidazole, converted to 2-hydroxybenzimidazole, and then further mineralized by subsequent processing. After genomic analysis, we hypothesized that D-1 may express a new kind of enzyme capable of hydrolyzing carbendazim. In addition, the effect of the biodegradable biosurfactant rhamnolipid on the rate and extent of carbendazim degradation was assessed in batch analyses. Notably, rhamnolipid affected carbendazim biodegradation in a concentration-dependent manner with maximum biodegradation efficiency at 50ppm (at the critical micelle concentration, CMC) (97.33% degradation within 2days), whereas 150ppm (3 CMC) rhamnolipid inhibited initial degradation (0.01%, 99.26% degradation within 2 and 5days, respectively). Both carbendazim emulsification and favorable changes in cell surface characteristics likely facilitated its direct uptake and subsequent biodegradation. Moreover, rhamnolipid facilitated carbendazim detoxification. Collectively, these results offer preliminary guidelines for the biological removal of carbendazim from the environment.